由于具有比表面积大、稳定性高、导电性好等优点,多孔炭材料在电化学能源存储和转换领域得到了广泛的应用.多孔炭材料的性能主要由其结构决定,这使得多孔炭的结构调控成为了该领域的研究前沿.除了硬模板法以外,原位模板合成策略被认为是精准调控多孔炭结构的另一种有效策略.鉴于此,本文总结了多孔炭材料的原位模板合成及其在电化学能量存储和转换领域的应用.首先,通过与传统硬模板法比较,概述了原位模板法合成多孔炭这种策略兴起的原因.随后,根据合成时模板的形成过程,将原位模板分为自上而下型、状态变化型以及自下而上型模板,并详细分析了相关实例.之后,介绍了这些材料在电化学能源存储和转换领域的应用,突出了原位模板合成的优势.最后,提出了这一领域进一步发展过程中可能面临的挑战和机遇.“,”Because of their large specific surface area, high chemical and thermal stability and good electrical conductivity, porous carbons have found wide applications in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Their performance hinges heavily on their structure, making the structural control of porous carbons a research frontier in their development. In addition to the straightforward hard-templating processes, soft templating synthesis is considered another appealing strategy for the precise engineering of porous carbons. We review recent progress on synthesizing porous carbon materials for energy storage and conversion using templating processes. First, the rise of this method of preparing porous carbons is outlined by comparing it with the traditional hard templating methods. Soft templating methods are then classified into top-down, state-change and bottom-up templates based on the template formation processes. The performance of these materials in electrochemical energy storage and conversion is presented, highlighting the advantages of this synthesis method. Finally, possible obstacles and future prospects are provided.