一清代团练之法,始于嘉庆朝川楚之役(即白莲教正理教起义)。自从太平军金田起义,各省大吏又纷纷倡议团练,“以团辅官”,“以练助兵”。咸丰二年清文宗又谕令各省仿照嘉庆年间办理团练。但是嘉庆年间所谓练勇,多半由国库支给饷糈,咸丰年间国帑枯竭是办不到的,着由地方绅士量力筹办,不假手于吏役,是绅办官督。经费既然不由官出,则官督的力 The practice of a group practice in the Qing dynasty began with the reign of Jiaqing toward Chuan Chu (ie the White Lotus orthodoxy uprising). Since the Taiping Jintian uprising, the provincial officials have also advocated the group practice, “a group of auxiliary officer”, “to practice helping soldiers.” Xianfeng two years of Qing Wen Zong also ordered the provinces modeled Jiaqing years for group practice. However, Jiaqing years so-called practice courage, mostly by the state treasury payments, Xianfeng years national dry depletion can not be done, by the local gentleman effort to organize, not hand-clerk, is to do superintendents. Since the government is not official funding, the power of the superintendent