一、张之洞的均势外债政策清政府于1903年由商部颁布重订《铁路简明章程》,将铁路修筑权向民间开放,准许华洋官商集股修建铁路。此后,各省掀起民营铁路建设的高潮,据统计,1903—1907年,全国各省共设立铁路公司16家。~①然而商办铁路的弊端逐渐显露,即所谓“从前规划未善,并无一定办法。以致全国路政,错乱分歧。不分枝干,不量民力,一纸呈请,辄行批准商办。乃数年以来,粤则收股及半,造路无多;川则倒账甚巨,参追无著;湘、鄂则开局多年,徒资坐耗。竭万民之膏脂,或以虚靡,或以侵蚀。恐旷时日久,民累愈深,上下交受其害,贻误何堪设想!”~②张之洞经历过商办铁路的种 First, Zhang Zhidong’s balance of external debt policy Qing government in 1903 by the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the “Concise Railway Constitution,” the railway construction rights to the public open to allow Huayang official business unit to build railways. Since then, the provinces have started the climax of the construction of private railways. According to statistics, from 1903 to 1907, a total of 16 railways were set up in various provinces across the country. However, the shortcomings of the commercial operation of the railway gradually revealed that the so-called “unplanned planning in the past, there is no certain method. As a result, the country’s road transport, disagreement. In recent years, Guangdong has received shares and a half, creating many roads; Chuan is a huge amount of reckoning, chasing no hope; Hunan, Hubei is started for many years, Diminu, or to erosion .It is bound to ebb and flow, the people tired more deeply, up and down to bear the brunt, delaying any thought! ”