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本文是《常规关系与句式结构研究》的姐妹篇。两篇文章在理论上和应用上有相同的考虑:理论上,希望能对句式结构和话语理解的理据提供总体的解释;应用上,希望能对语言的运用有点启发。显现出常规关系是语言的一种特性。本文对“常规关系”的运用不同于社会语言学家和人类学家。从本文所研究的语言理解的问题来说,可以通俗地把“常规关系”看作是“特指内容”的代名词:当a、b两事物经常性、规约性地联系在一起,就有可能以b作为“特指内容”来标示a的存在,因而成为表示a的隐性表述。根据这一原理,并根据认知语言学关于语言规则是现实对象的规律在语言中的投影的假说,本文将“设定语句中词语所涉及的事物之间的关系是常规关系”作为人类交际能达至相互理解的一般性前提和语用基础,进而提出“语句解读常规关系分析理论模型”作为获得(文学作品)语句解读的一个语用推理模型。本文还提出,这一语用推理的内部机制是溯因推理。溯因推理的常用形式为合情推理中的“选择式”与“蕴涵式”,并可考虑在推理过程中采用诸如归纳统计推理、合理省略、发生论推导等作为补充手段。本文最后尝试性地对以溯因推理为机制的这一语用推理模型作了形式化的刻画。
This article is a sister part of “Studies of Conventional Relations and Sentence Structures.” The two articles have the same considerations in theory and application: in theory, they hope to provide an overall explanation of the rationale for the sentence structure and discourse comprehension; and in the application, I hope it can be a little inspiration to the use of language. Showing a regular relationship is a feature of language. The use of “conventional relations” in this article differs from social linguists and anthropologists. From the language comprehension questions studied in this paper, “conventional relations” can be commonly regarded as synonymous with “specific content.” When the two things a and b are constantly and statically associated, it is possible The existence of a is denoted by b as “special content”, and thus becomes a recessive expression representing a. According to this principle, and according to the hypothesis that linguistic rules are the projections of linguistic rules in language, cognitive linguistics assumes that “the relations between the things involved in terms in sentences are conventional relations” as human communication Can reach the general premise and pragmatic basis of mutual understanding, and then put forward a “sentence interpretation of the conventional relationship analysis theory model” as a pragmatic reasoning model to obtain (literary works) statement interpretation. The paper also proposes that the internal mechanism of this pragmatic reasoning is absurd reasoning. The common form of abstinence reasoning is the “choice” and “implication” in the affirmative reasoning, and can be considered as complementary means such as inductive statistical reasoning, rational ellipsis, generative deduction and so on. At the end of this article, we attempt to formally describe this pragmatic reasoning model based on abduction reasoning.