论文部分内容阅读
任何一篇文章，作者都在努力传达给读者一些信息。这些信息中，有的是文章的中心思想或者和中心思想有密切的关系，这是文章的主要信息；有的是为主旨起铺设作用的，这是次要信息。英语阅读理解题，常考查读者对文章的关键信息的理解，即对文章中心思想的理解。本文将从不同角度对快速捕捉主要信息，准确锁定答案的方法进行总结。
第一招，从篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处找答案。
做好阅读理解题，首要是把握文章的中心思想，这是一篇文章的关键部分。中考阅读理解为了考查学生对文章的理解程度，以各种方式来考查学生对文章主题的理解。而文章的中心思想一般都会在文章的主题句或主题段落中。一般说来，文章的主题句往往会出现在篇首、篇尾或段首、段尾，因此篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾的文字是阅读的重心所在。
例如：
Everyone has got two personalities （性格） —the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself， but when you’re asleep， your sleeping position shows the real you.
Q： What does the passage tell us？
A. Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.
B. Changing positions will cause sleeping problems.
C. Sleeping positions show people’s secret personalities.
D. Enough sleep makes people look better and healthier.
【思路点拨】答案为C。该题为主旨题。在文章的篇首处命题，是典型的篇首点题型的考查方式。首先点出“每个人的性格都具有双重性”这一核心话题，下文一步步展开阐述。所以从主题句我们很容易把握该题的答案。运用此法，会更便捷、更清晰、更准确地切中大多数的议论文和说明文的主题。
第二招，从转折处找答案。
文章作者往往会借用转折词来引出某些重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的观点、态度或写作意图，故命题人有时会围绕转折词前后内容来设题。常见的表示转折关系的词有：but，however，yet，otherwise，though，although等。
例如：
However， another mother， Susan， made a different choice. She said， “My daughters have always had school dinners. I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches I make for them.”
Q： ______ would like the children to have the school meals.
A. Cath B. Susan C. Kaz D. Jamie
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题考查对事实细节的理解与辨析。该题是在转折处设题。上文介绍了一位有三个孩子的母亲Cath让自己的孩子从家里带食物到学校去。本段作者笔锋一转，使用转折词however引出Susan赞同女儿在学校吃饭，认为在学校吃的要比自己做的好，故Susan愿意让孩子在学校吃饭，反对自己带饭。
第三招，从对比、比较处找答案。
作者常用对比的手法来表达自己的观点，比如：新与旧、好与坏、是与非、正确与错误等。前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，可以发现两者的区别。比较指对两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点进行比较。这些对比或比较关系是读者在理解文章时容易出现偏差的地方，所以这也成为了一个设题点。
例如：
People with blood type A， for example， are considered more likely to be serious， hard-working and quiet， while people with blood type O are likely to be popular and outgoing， yet often unable to finish what they start.
Q： The writer uses blood type A and O as an example to explain ______.
A. the difference between the two blood types
B. the relationship between the two blood types
C. the influence of blood type on one’s behavior
D. the connection between personality and blood type
【思路点拨】答案为D。该题为主旨归纳题。此处把A型血与O型血人的性格进行对比，得出两种血型的人性格各不相同，从而得出血型与性格之间有联系。该题是在对比之处命题，通过对比，得出两者之间的区别，这是我们解答阅读题特别要掌握的技巧之一。 第四招，从并列、列举、举例处找答案。
并列、列举处是指多个意思相近或者相同的事物用并列连词连接在一起的结构，最常见的连词有：and，or等。有时也用：first， then， next， finally， not only ... but also ...， on the one hand ... on the other hand ...等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的一系列的并列的事实情况。
并列处和列举处是考查事实细节的主要信息点。为了使自己的观点更有说服力，更加明确，作者还经常会使用举例的方法来进行论证，明显的标志是：for example， such as， like， as等。这些例经常会成为命题人设题的焦点。
例如：
“When can I get a cell phone？” The answer is when your parents think you need one， though many kids seem to be getting them around age 12 or 13. Some younger kids may have them because their parents see it as a matter of safety and convenience. For example， a kid can call mom and dad when sports practice is over. And a cell phone can give kids almost instant access （快捷通道） to their parents if something goes wrong or they need help. It can give parents quick access to their kids so they can check on them and make sure they’re OK.
Q： Parents buy cell phones for their kids because ______.
A. they think it is necessary
B. they think their kids are old enough
C. they have asked the author for advice
D. they want to follow their kids wherever they are
【思路点拨】答案为A。该题为主旨归纳题。文章开头提到何时买手机由父母决定。后用for example引出例子，举例证实这一观点。此处举例论证了该段的主旨大意：父母为孩子买手机因为他们认为很有必要。
第五招，从指代关系处找答案。
为了简单明了地表达事物及逻辑关系，文章有时利用各种代词来代替上下文提到过的人、物或事。当代词前后的句子结构比较复杂时，这种指代关系往往不容易被区分清楚。考查代词是阅读理解部分常见的一个考查方面，主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的词或词组的指代意义的理解。
例如：
I heard a low hum （嗡嗡声）， which was growing louder. From a distance， the group of bees looked almost like a cloud of smoke. As it got closer， I realized it was actually thousands of bees flying towards me.
Q： The underlined word “it” refers to ______.
A. a rock B. the group of bees C. a hill D. the river
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题为事实细节题。该题是在指代关系处设题。it指上文提到的the group of bees。
第六招，从文章观点、态度处找答案。
文章中表达作者对于某人或某事的观点或态度的地方、涉及他人或组织机构的观点或态度的地方也很受命题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现的think，guess，argue，believe，hate，against，decide等词引出的句子以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式（祈使句、感叹句、反问句等）。
例如：
Another secret to living a happy life is to be active， and have hobbies where you forget your problems and time. Many people experience this by dancing， or playing a sport， such as swimming. You can forget about your problems， and only think about the activity. Finally， many people find happiness in helping others. Studies show that people feel good when they spend their time helping others. If you want to feel happier， do good things for someone. You can help a friend with his or her studies， go shopping to buy food for an elderly person， or simply help out around the house by washing the dishes. Q： The writer thinks that ______.
A. everyone knows how to live a happier life B. it’s wrong to spend time on work
C. hobbies take up too much time D. doing good things for someone can make you happier
【思路点拨】答案为D。该题为主旨归纳题。该题是在作者观点处命题。文章最后一段清楚地表明人们对待幸福的态度“最后，许多人在帮助别人时能找到幸福快乐。”由此说明人们对待幸福的态度。
第七招，从因果关系处找答案。
文章中的因果关系也常是设题处。一般来说，这种题有两种形式：由原因推结果，或由结论找原因。能够体现因果关系的词语包括：because （of），since，as，so，for等。
例如：
You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt， so you are very defensive. You’re shy and you don’t usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.
Q： What does the word “defensive” mean in the passage？
A. 易怒的 B. 攻击性的 C. 外向的 D. 有戒心的
【思路点拨】答案为D。该题为词义猜测题。前半句的意思时“你对自己的评价不高，经常保护自己不受伤害”，后半句是由so引导的句子，考点所在句采用因果关系，说明“因为……所以……”，再结合下文“你很害羞”，可知defensive意为“保护的，有戒心的”。
第八招，从特殊句式、复杂句式处找答案。
句子的主语、谓语和宾语是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论有多么长多么复杂，都只是辅助成分。我们只要抓住了主要结构就很容易判断了。解答这类题时，考生要注意弄清句子的层次逻辑关系。
例如：
In a normal night， of course， you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep.
Q： When does the sleeping position best show your secret personality？
A. In the daytime. B. At the beginning of sleep.
C. At night. D. During the deep sleep.
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题是在复杂句式处命题。文中that best shows your secret personality和that you go to sleep是两个定语从句，前面一个从句修饰先行词position，后一个从句修饰先行词the one。此类题需要深入分析逻辑层次，才能做出判断，得出正确答案。短语go to sleep意为“入睡”，所以选B。
第九招，从解释中找答案。
有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能，而有些词主要起语法作用，或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息有一些联系。这些非重要信息往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。我们还可以根据同一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断答案。这类信息有：同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下文以及标点符号，如破折号、冒号、括号都表示解释和说明。
例如：
Perhaps you’ve had such experiences as these. Most people have. But most of them haven’t realized that they have a memory problem. Neither do they know a simple but important fact： memory can be improved. If you’ll just accept that， the following will show you how.
Q： When you forget things， you ______.
A. must be too careless B. shouldn’t lose heart about your memory
C. must accept the fact D. shouldn’t take notice of the result
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题为推理判断题。该题是冒号处命题。冒号前提到“没有人知道一个简单而又重要的事实”，冒号后说明了这个事实：记忆力是可以提高的。因此推断出“不该对记忆力失去信心”，故选B。
第十招，从引言处找答案。
引言是增强文章说服力的一种有效手段。作者在论证自己的观点或阐述某一问题时，常会引用其他人或组织结构的论断、陈述及其研究发现等，以增强文章的说服力和可信度。因此，引言处也是出题人经常考查的地方。
例如：
Just before the final race Wang Meng caught a bad cold and coughed terribly. With the words of “You can， you can do！” she won at last. She said， “I really feel these three gold medals belong to my team， to China. It was with the help of my team that I won the prize.”
Q： In Wang Meng’s opinion， ______ made her win the prize at last.
A. a strong body B. a bad cold C. her team’s help D. much exercise
【思路点拨】答案为C。该题为事实细节题。答案为C。文中Wang Meng的引言为，“我感到这三枚金牌属于我们队，属于中国。它是在我们所有队员的帮助之下赢得的。”所以该题答案为C。此处是从引言处设题的典型例证。
第一招，从篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处找答案。
做好阅读理解题，首要是把握文章的中心思想，这是一篇文章的关键部分。中考阅读理解为了考查学生对文章的理解程度，以各种方式来考查学生对文章主题的理解。而文章的中心思想一般都会在文章的主题句或主题段落中。一般说来，文章的主题句往往会出现在篇首、篇尾或段首、段尾，因此篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾的文字是阅读的重心所在。
例如：
Everyone has got two personalities （性格） —the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself， but when you’re asleep， your sleeping position shows the real you.
Q： What does the passage tell us？
A. Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.
B. Changing positions will cause sleeping problems.
C. Sleeping positions show people’s secret personalities.
D. Enough sleep makes people look better and healthier.
【思路点拨】答案为C。该题为主旨题。在文章的篇首处命题，是典型的篇首点题型的考查方式。首先点出“每个人的性格都具有双重性”这一核心话题，下文一步步展开阐述。所以从主题句我们很容易把握该题的答案。运用此法，会更便捷、更清晰、更准确地切中大多数的议论文和说明文的主题。
第二招，从转折处找答案。
文章作者往往会借用转折词来引出某些重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者真实的观点、态度或写作意图，故命题人有时会围绕转折词前后内容来设题。常见的表示转折关系的词有：but，however，yet，otherwise，though，although等。
例如：
However， another mother， Susan， made a different choice. She said， “My daughters have always had school dinners. I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches I make for them.”
Q： ______ would like the children to have the school meals.
A. Cath B. Susan C. Kaz D. Jamie
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题考查对事实细节的理解与辨析。该题是在转折处设题。上文介绍了一位有三个孩子的母亲Cath让自己的孩子从家里带食物到学校去。本段作者笔锋一转，使用转折词however引出Susan赞同女儿在学校吃饭，认为在学校吃的要比自己做的好，故Susan愿意让孩子在学校吃饭，反对自己带饭。
第三招，从对比、比较处找答案。
作者常用对比的手法来表达自己的观点，比如：新与旧、好与坏、是与非、正确与错误等。前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，可以发现两者的区别。比较指对两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点进行比较。这些对比或比较关系是读者在理解文章时容易出现偏差的地方，所以这也成为了一个设题点。
例如：
People with blood type A， for example， are considered more likely to be serious， hard-working and quiet， while people with blood type O are likely to be popular and outgoing， yet often unable to finish what they start.
Q： The writer uses blood type A and O as an example to explain ______.
A. the difference between the two blood types
B. the relationship between the two blood types
C. the influence of blood type on one’s behavior
D. the connection between personality and blood type
【思路点拨】答案为D。该题为主旨归纳题。此处把A型血与O型血人的性格进行对比，得出两种血型的人性格各不相同，从而得出血型与性格之间有联系。该题是在对比之处命题，通过对比，得出两者之间的区别，这是我们解答阅读题特别要掌握的技巧之一。 第四招，从并列、列举、举例处找答案。
并列、列举处是指多个意思相近或者相同的事物用并列连词连接在一起的结构，最常见的连词有：and，or等。有时也用：first， then， next， finally， not only ... but also ...， on the one hand ... on the other hand ...等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的一系列的并列的事实情况。
并列处和列举处是考查事实细节的主要信息点。为了使自己的观点更有说服力，更加明确，作者还经常会使用举例的方法来进行论证，明显的标志是：for example， such as， like， as等。这些例经常会成为命题人设题的焦点。
例如：
“When can I get a cell phone？” The answer is when your parents think you need one， though many kids seem to be getting them around age 12 or 13. Some younger kids may have them because their parents see it as a matter of safety and convenience. For example， a kid can call mom and dad when sports practice is over. And a cell phone can give kids almost instant access （快捷通道） to their parents if something goes wrong or they need help. It can give parents quick access to their kids so they can check on them and make sure they’re OK.
Q： Parents buy cell phones for their kids because ______.
A. they think it is necessary
B. they think their kids are old enough
C. they have asked the author for advice
D. they want to follow their kids wherever they are
【思路点拨】答案为A。该题为主旨归纳题。文章开头提到何时买手机由父母决定。后用for example引出例子，举例证实这一观点。此处举例论证了该段的主旨大意：父母为孩子买手机因为他们认为很有必要。
第五招，从指代关系处找答案。
为了简单明了地表达事物及逻辑关系，文章有时利用各种代词来代替上下文提到过的人、物或事。当代词前后的句子结构比较复杂时，这种指代关系往往不容易被区分清楚。考查代词是阅读理解部分常见的一个考查方面，主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的词或词组的指代意义的理解。
例如：
I heard a low hum （嗡嗡声）， which was growing louder. From a distance， the group of bees looked almost like a cloud of smoke. As it got closer， I realized it was actually thousands of bees flying towards me.
Q： The underlined word “it” refers to ______.
A. a rock B. the group of bees C. a hill D. the river
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题为事实细节题。该题是在指代关系处设题。it指上文提到的the group of bees。
第六招，从文章观点、态度处找答案。
文章中表达作者对于某人或某事的观点或态度的地方、涉及他人或组织机构的观点或态度的地方也很受命题人青睐。解题时要留意文章中出现的think，guess，argue，believe，hate，against，decide等词引出的句子以及一些带有感情色彩的特殊句式（祈使句、感叹句、反问句等）。
例如：
Another secret to living a happy life is to be active， and have hobbies where you forget your problems and time. Many people experience this by dancing， or playing a sport， such as swimming. You can forget about your problems， and only think about the activity. Finally， many people find happiness in helping others. Studies show that people feel good when they spend their time helping others. If you want to feel happier， do good things for someone. You can help a friend with his or her studies， go shopping to buy food for an elderly person， or simply help out around the house by washing the dishes. Q： The writer thinks that ______.
A. everyone knows how to live a happier life B. it’s wrong to spend time on work
C. hobbies take up too much time D. doing good things for someone can make you happier
【思路点拨】答案为D。该题为主旨归纳题。该题是在作者观点处命题。文章最后一段清楚地表明人们对待幸福的态度“最后，许多人在帮助别人时能找到幸福快乐。”由此说明人们对待幸福的态度。
第七招，从因果关系处找答案。
文章中的因果关系也常是设题处。一般来说，这种题有两种形式：由原因推结果，或由结论找原因。能够体现因果关系的词语包括：because （of），since，as，so，for等。
例如：
You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt， so you are very defensive. You’re shy and you don’t usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.
Q： What does the word “defensive” mean in the passage？
A. 易怒的 B. 攻击性的 C. 外向的 D. 有戒心的
【思路点拨】答案为D。该题为词义猜测题。前半句的意思时“你对自己的评价不高，经常保护自己不受伤害”，后半句是由so引导的句子，考点所在句采用因果关系，说明“因为……所以……”，再结合下文“你很害羞”，可知defensive意为“保护的，有戒心的”。
第八招，从特殊句式、复杂句式处找答案。
句子的主语、谓语和宾语是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论有多么长多么复杂，都只是辅助成分。我们只要抓住了主要结构就很容易判断了。解答这类题时，考生要注意弄清句子的层次逻辑关系。
例如：
In a normal night， of course， you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep.
Q： When does the sleeping position best show your secret personality？
A. In the daytime. B. At the beginning of sleep.
C. At night. D. During the deep sleep.
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题是在复杂句式处命题。文中that best shows your secret personality和that you go to sleep是两个定语从句，前面一个从句修饰先行词position，后一个从句修饰先行词the one。此类题需要深入分析逻辑层次，才能做出判断，得出正确答案。短语go to sleep意为“入睡”，所以选B。
第九招，从解释中找答案。
有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能，而有些词主要起语法作用，或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息有一些联系。这些非重要信息往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。我们还可以根据同一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断答案。这类信息有：同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下文以及标点符号，如破折号、冒号、括号都表示解释和说明。
例如：
Perhaps you’ve had such experiences as these. Most people have. But most of them haven’t realized that they have a memory problem. Neither do they know a simple but important fact： memory can be improved. If you’ll just accept that， the following will show you how.
Q： When you forget things， you ______.
A. must be too careless B. shouldn’t lose heart about your memory
C. must accept the fact D. shouldn’t take notice of the result
【思路点拨】答案为B。该题为推理判断题。该题是冒号处命题。冒号前提到“没有人知道一个简单而又重要的事实”，冒号后说明了这个事实：记忆力是可以提高的。因此推断出“不该对记忆力失去信心”，故选B。
第十招，从引言处找答案。
引言是增强文章说服力的一种有效手段。作者在论证自己的观点或阐述某一问题时，常会引用其他人或组织结构的论断、陈述及其研究发现等，以增强文章的说服力和可信度。因此，引言处也是出题人经常考查的地方。
例如：
Just before the final race Wang Meng caught a bad cold and coughed terribly. With the words of “You can， you can do！” she won at last. She said， “I really feel these three gold medals belong to my team， to China. It was with the help of my team that I won the prize.”
Q： In Wang Meng’s opinion， ______ made her win the prize at last.
A. a strong body B. a bad cold C. her team’s help D. much exercise
【思路点拨】答案为C。该题为事实细节题。答案为C。文中Wang Meng的引言为，“我感到这三枚金牌属于我们队，属于中国。它是在我们所有队员的帮助之下赢得的。”所以该题答案为C。此处是从引言处设题的典型例证。