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本文主要内容为介绍曾经在英美法系尤其是英国公司法上占据重要地位的越权规则(ultra vires rule),该规则自确立至发展、削弱乃至被摒弃的变迁过程,分析其曾经发挥的作用和变迁的背景及原因,以及探讨该规则衰落后相关法律问题的处理,并对美国公司法在这一领域的发展状况略作介绍和比较。上述问题对于如何处理公司法人能力、交易安全与财产静态安全等问题,对于更好地理解越权规则的替代制度均有较大意义,对完善我国的相应立法和司法实践亦有借鉴作用。本文第一部分主要介绍越权规则的含义与变迁。首先介绍了越权一词的原义,英国公司法上“越权行为”含义的发展,以及现代英国公司法上所确立的“越权规则”的明确含义和主要内容。其次,该部分回顾了越权规则的历史发展过程,包括该规则的确立,废除或改革该规则的要求,传统上常用的对该规则后果的补救手段。最后,本部分重点介绍了自1972年英国加入欧共体后,公司法立法对越权规则所作的变革和对越权规则的彻底废除,即1985年公司法第35条和1989年公司法第35条。本文第二部分着重对越权规则的变迁进行法理分析。首先,对越权规则产生和确立的理论背景、历史背景作了介绍。其次,本部分详尽分析了越权规则的理论缺陷和现实弊端。再次,分析了越权规则废除后公司章程目的范围的作用和效力,对英国公司法的有关立场进行了介绍。最后,对于越权规则废除后防止董事权力滥用行为、保障公司财产静态安全等法律问题的处理作了简要的论述。本文第三部分则对英国法与美国法的有关问题进行了比较。这种比较也以越权规则在美国的历史发展过程为线索,介绍了美国判例法上的有关主要案例,美国成文法在各个阶段的有关规定,分析了英美法系两个主要国家在有关问题上的理论发展和立法等方面的异同。最后,本文对英国公司法上越权规则的变迁进行了总结,概括了这种变迁所体现出来的现代民商法的发展潮流,对英国公司法上越权规则的废除作出了积极的评价。
The main content of this article is to introduce the ultra vires rule, which had played an important role in the Anglo-American law system and the UK company law in particular. This rule, from its establishment to development, weakens or even abandons its changing process, analyzes the role it played The background and reason of the change, and the handling of the related legal issues after the decline of the rule, and gives a brief introduction and comparison of the development of the U.S. Company Law in this area. The above questions have great significance on how to deal with corporate legal person ability, transaction security and property static security, and so on, so as to have a better understanding of the alternative system of overriding rules and also have reference significance for perfecting our country’s corresponding legislation and judicial practice. The first part of this article mainly introduces the meaning and changes of ultra vires rules. First of all, it introduces the original meaning of the ultra vires, the development of the meaning of “ultra vires conduct” in British company law, and the explicit meaning and main contents of the “ultra vires rules” established in the modern British company law. Second, the section reviews the historical development of overriding rules, including the establishment of the rule, the requirement to repeal or reform the rule, and the common traditionally used remedies for the consequences of the rule. Finally, this section focuses on the changes that have been made in the statutory legislation on overriding rules and the total repeal of overriding rules since Britain joined the European Union in 1972, namely, article 35 of the Companies Act 1985 and article 35 of the Companies Act 1989 . The second part of this article focuses on the jurisprudence analysis of the changes of the ultra vires rules. First of all, it introduces the theoretical background and historical background of the generation and establishment of overriding rules. Secondly, this part analyzes in detail the theoretical flaws and the actual drawbacks of the ultra vires rules. Third, it analyzes the role and effect of the scope of the articles of association after the abolition of the overriding rule, and introduces the relevant position of the UK company law. Finally, the dissertation deals briefly with the handling of legal issues such as the prevention of abuse of directors’ rights and the protection of the company’s property security. The third part of this article compares the relevant issues between English law and American law. This comparison also clues to the history development process of the ultra vires rule in the United States. It introduces the relevant major cases of the case law in the United States, the relevant provisions of the United States written law at all stages, and analyzes the two major countries in the common law system on the relevant issues Similarities and Differences in Theoretical Development and Legislation. Finally, this article summarizes the changes of the ultra vires rules in the UK corporate law, summarizes the development trend of the modern civil and commercial law reflected by this change, and makes a positive assessment of the abolition of the ultra vires rules in the UK company law.