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1. hard, hardly
hard与hardly这两个副词形式上很接近,但意义上相差甚远。hard可用作形容词或副词。用作形容词时意为“困难的,硬的,勤奋的,严厉的,苛刻的”;用作副词时,意为“努力地,猛烈地,剧烈地”。hardly是副词,意为“简直不能”,多和can连用;也可表示“几乎没有”的意思,常和any连用。如:
Steel is harder than wood. 钢比木头硬。
Tom is a hard student. 汤姆是个勤奋的学生。
He studies hard. 他学习努力。
He hardly studies. 他几乎不学习。
He can hardly write a letter in English. 他几乎不会用英语写信。
There’s hardly any paper left. 几乎没有剩余的纸了。
2. no, not
no可用作形容词,也可用作副词; not只可用作副词。no用作形容词,可直接置于名词前面; no后面的名词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式,但应依实际情况而定。如果名词前已有a, the, much, any等词时,则应该在这些词前面用not。如:
There are no classes this afternoon.
=There are not any classes this afternoon. 今天下午没有课。
There is no tea in the cup.
=There is not any tea in the cup. 杯子里没有茶。
I have no radio(s). 我没有收音机。
That dog has no tail. 那只狗没有尾巴。
I have not much time. 我没有太多时间。
They are not playing basketball now. 他们现在没有在打篮球。
3. how long, how often, how soon
⑴how long的意思是“多久”,用来提问“多长时间”。当我们就陈述句中的“一段时间的长短”提问时,要用 how long。how long与延续性动词连用。如:
How long have you studied English? 你学英语多长时间了?
⑵how often的意思是“多久一次”,用来提问“多长时间,多少次”,即对动作发生的频率提问。当我们就陈述句的“一段时间内发生了几次活动”提问时,要用how often。如:
——How often does he come here? 他多长时间来一次?
——He comes here twice a week. 他每周来这儿两次。
⑶how soon的意思是“多久以后”,用来提问某人要“多快”能做好某事,或某事多快能做成。当我们就陈述句中“过多久(就能……)”这一部分提问时,要用how soon。how soon与非延续性动词连用。如:
——How soon will you be ready? 你过多久以后就能准备好?
——I’ll be ready in five minutes. 我过5分钟就能准备好。
4. sometime, some time, sometimes, some times
sometime是副词,意为“在某个不确定的时间,在某个时候,某时”,可与将来时连用,也可同过去时连用。some time是名词词组,意为“一段时间”,作时间状语用,也可用作副词词组,用来指一个未肯定的时刻,常指将来,此时可与sometime通用。sometimes是频度副词,意为“有时,不时”,常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。some times是名词词组,意为“几次,几倍”。如:
Will you come again sometime next week? 你能在下周某个时间来一趟吗?
She was there sometime last year. 去年某个时候她在那儿。
I’ll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间。
They are going to visit China some time next year. 明年的某个时候,他们打算访问中国。
I sometimes play computer games at home. 我有时在家里玩电脑游戏。
I met him some times in the street last month. 上个月我在街上遇到过他几次。
This factory is some times larger than that one. 这个工厂比那个工厂大几倍。
5. be good for, be good to, be good at
be good for意为“对……有益(好处)”,对应的短语是be bad for,意为“对……有害”; be good to意为“对……友善(好)”,相当于be friendly to; be good at意为“擅长;在……方面做得好”。如:
Doing morning exercises is good for our health. 做早操有益于我们的健康。
Jack is always good to me. 杰克总是待我很好。
He’s good at maths. 他擅长数学。
6. a lot, a lot of
a lot和a lot of都可以作“许多”解。a lot可以用作名词,在句子中充当宾语,也可以用作副词,修饰动词或修饰比较级。a lot作副词用时,也可作“非常,特别”解,用作状语,相当于very much。a lot of后接名词,既可接可数名词,又可接不可数名词,多用于肯定句中。在疑问句和否定句中常用many或much代替a lot of。如:
We have a lot to do today. 今天我们有很多事情要做。
He works a lot at home. 他在家干很多活。
She is a lot cleverer than I am. 她比我聪明得多。
Mary likes bananas a lot. 玛丽特别喜欢吃香蕉。
John has a lot of friends. 约翰有很多朋友。
There is a lot of meat in the shopping basket. 购物篮里有许多肉。
Are there many people in the park? 公园里人多吗?
7. although, though
although与though都可作“虽然”解,用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句。一般情况下二者可以互换使用,只是although引导的从句放在句首的时候居多,而though引导的从句放在主句后面的时候居多,但在下列情况下两者不能通用:
1)在as though, even though词组中,不得用although替代though。如:
I won’t let you do it even though you dare. 即使你敢做,我也不让你做。
It looks as though it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。
2)though可以插入让步状语从句中,但although不能这样用。如:
Poor though he is, he is happy. 他尽管穷,却很幸福。
3)though 可用作副词,作“可是,然而”解,而although不可用作副词。如:
He said he could come; he didn’t, though. 他说他能来,然而却没有来。
注意:汉语中可以说“虽然……,但是……”,在英译时却不可说“Though/Although…,but…”,用其中之一就够了。试译:虽然时间很晚了,但他还继续工作。
误:Although it was very late, but he went on working.
正:Although/Though it was very late, he went on working.
正:It was very late, but he went on working.
8. ago, before
这两个词都作“以前”解。ago是副词,表示从现在算起的若干时间以前,谓语动词常用过去时。before可以用作介词,后面接“时间点”,也可以用作副词(如在a few days before短语中),通常表示从过去某时刻算起的若干时间以前,谓语动词常用过去完成时。before可用于现在完成时、一般过去时,不伴有具体的时间而单独使用,表示笼统、不明确的“以前”。before还可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。如:
I bought my first bike two years ago. 两年前我买了我的第一辆自行车。
We saw the film five days ago. 这部电影我们是五天前看的。
Please come to see me before six o’clock. 请在六点钟以前来看我。
When we finally got there, they had left an hour before.
我们最后到达那里时,他们已经离开一小时了。
I’ve read the book before. 我以前读过这本书。
I met that man before. 我以前遇见过那个人。
Where did your sister study before she joined the army? 你姐姐参军前在哪里学习?
9. such, so
两者都可以表示“这样”,“如此”的意思,但是用法不同。
⑴so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。如:
I am so glad to hear from my friend. 收到我朋友的信我真高兴。
He writes so well. 他写得这么好。
⑵such是形容词,用来修饰名词(名词前可以带形容词,也可以不带)。如果修饰单数名词,such后需加不定冠词a 或an。如:
He told us such a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。
We are interested in such things. 我们对这样的事感兴趣。
注意:1)当单数可数名词前有形容词时,也可以用so, 但要注意冠词的位置。如:
He told us such a funny story.=He told us so funny a story.
2)such与all, any, few, many, no, one等连用时,要置于这些词之后,同时其后的名词不加冠词。如:no such thing, one such woman, many such books;不能说: no such a thing, such one woman, such many books。
10. question, problem
这两个词都作“问题”解。question通常指人们主观上产生的、需要得到解答或解释的问题。problem常指客观上存在的等待解决的问题,着重指困难的问题或有关运算的问题,有时两者可以换用。如:
The question(problem) is that we don’t know who did it. 问题是,我们不知道是谁干的。
注意:“解答问题”是answer the question,“解决问题”是solve the problem。
11. forget, leave
两者都可以表示“忘记”,但用法不一样。
⑴leave指将某物遗忘在某个地方,其后要接表示地点的词语。如:
The little girl left her English book at home this morning.
这个小女孩今天早上将英语书忘在家里了。
⑵forget表示“遗忘”时,不能同表示地点的词语连用。如:
He forgot his English book this morning. 今天早上他忘记带英语书了。
12. diet, food
两者都可作“食物”解。diet指的是习惯上吃的食物或规定要吃的食物,特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物,如病人的疗养饮食。diet既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词;表示病人的特殊饮食时是可数名词。food是一般用语,凡能吃喝的、具有营养的东西都可称food。food泛指“食物”时是不可数名词;表示“一种食物”或“多种食物”时是可数名词。如:
Proper diet and exercise are both important to health.
合理的饮食和锻炼对健康都很重要。
The doctor has ordered me a special diet. 医生给我安排了特殊的饮食。
Does he like English food? 他喜欢英国食物吗?
The foods that you buy in hamburger restaurant are high in fat, sugar and salt.
你在汉堡包餐馆买的食物的脂肪、糖和盐的含量都很高。
13. a few, a little, few, little
few和a few用于修饰可数名词复数。few具有否定意味,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a few具有肯定的意味,表示“一些”,“有一些”。注意,not a few=no few=quite a few=many。few被every, last, next, some, very等词修饰时,表示的是肯定意义,few前不再用冠词。little和a little用于修饰不可数名词。little具有否定意味,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a little具有肯定的意味,表示“一些”,“有一点”。注意,a little还常用来修饰形容词、副词及其比较级,也可以修饰动词。如:
Few people liked taking trains at that time. 当时很少有人喜欢乘坐火车。
Look!You’ve made a few mistakes in your homework. 看!你在作业中出了好几处错误。
In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again.
在最后几分钟里,他又把试卷检查了一遍。
He goes to the countryside to see his grandmother every few weeks.
他每隔几周就去乡下看望他的祖母。
Hurry up!We have little time left. 赶快,我们快没有时间了。
“How much wine did he drink last night?” “Just a little.”
“昨晚他喝了多少酒?” “只喝了一点儿。”
School ended a little earlier than usual today. 今天学校放学比平常早了点儿。
All of them felt a little tired, so they stopped to have a rest.
他们所有的人都感到有点儿累了,于是停下来休息。
14. too much, much too
too much和much too虽然形式上相近,但用法不同。
⑴too much作“太多”解有三种用法:
1)用作名词词组。如:
Don’t ask too much. 不要问得太多。
2)用作形容词词组,修饰不可数名词。如:
I have too much work to do today. 我今天有很多工作要做。
3)用作副词词组,修饰动词。如:
Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。
⑵much too意为“太、非常”,常用作副词词组,修饰形容词或副词。如:
It was much too hot yesterday. 昨天太热了。
The old man walked much too slow. 这位老人走得太慢了。
hard与hardly这两个副词形式上很接近,但意义上相差甚远。hard可用作形容词或副词。用作形容词时意为“困难的,硬的,勤奋的,严厉的,苛刻的”;用作副词时,意为“努力地,猛烈地,剧烈地”。hardly是副词,意为“简直不能”,多和can连用;也可表示“几乎没有”的意思,常和any连用。如:
Steel is harder than wood. 钢比木头硬。
Tom is a hard student. 汤姆是个勤奋的学生。
He studies hard. 他学习努力。
He hardly studies. 他几乎不学习。
He can hardly write a letter in English. 他几乎不会用英语写信。
There’s hardly any paper left. 几乎没有剩余的纸了。
2. no, not
no可用作形容词,也可用作副词; not只可用作副词。no用作形容词,可直接置于名词前面; no后面的名词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式,但应依实际情况而定。如果名词前已有a, the, much, any等词时,则应该在这些词前面用not。如:
There are no classes this afternoon.
=There are not any classes this afternoon. 今天下午没有课。
There is no tea in the cup.
=There is not any tea in the cup. 杯子里没有茶。
I have no radio(s). 我没有收音机。
That dog has no tail. 那只狗没有尾巴。
I have not much time. 我没有太多时间。
They are not playing basketball now. 他们现在没有在打篮球。
3. how long, how often, how soon
⑴how long的意思是“多久”,用来提问“多长时间”。当我们就陈述句中的“一段时间的长短”提问时,要用 how long。how long与延续性动词连用。如:
How long have you studied English? 你学英语多长时间了?
⑵how often的意思是“多久一次”,用来提问“多长时间,多少次”,即对动作发生的频率提问。当我们就陈述句的“一段时间内发生了几次活动”提问时,要用how often。如:
——How often does he come here? 他多长时间来一次?
——He comes here twice a week. 他每周来这儿两次。
⑶how soon的意思是“多久以后”,用来提问某人要“多快”能做好某事,或某事多快能做成。当我们就陈述句中“过多久(就能……)”这一部分提问时,要用how soon。how soon与非延续性动词连用。如:
——How soon will you be ready? 你过多久以后就能准备好?
——I’ll be ready in five minutes. 我过5分钟就能准备好。
4. sometime, some time, sometimes, some times
sometime是副词,意为“在某个不确定的时间,在某个时候,某时”,可与将来时连用,也可同过去时连用。some time是名词词组,意为“一段时间”,作时间状语用,也可用作副词词组,用来指一个未肯定的时刻,常指将来,此时可与sometime通用。sometimes是频度副词,意为“有时,不时”,常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。some times是名词词组,意为“几次,几倍”。如:
Will you come again sometime next week? 你能在下周某个时间来一趟吗?
She was there sometime last year. 去年某个时候她在那儿。
I’ll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间。
They are going to visit China some time next year. 明年的某个时候,他们打算访问中国。
I sometimes play computer games at home. 我有时在家里玩电脑游戏。
I met him some times in the street last month. 上个月我在街上遇到过他几次。
This factory is some times larger than that one. 这个工厂比那个工厂大几倍。
5. be good for, be good to, be good at
be good for意为“对……有益(好处)”,对应的短语是be bad for,意为“对……有害”; be good to意为“对……友善(好)”,相当于be friendly to; be good at意为“擅长;在……方面做得好”。如:
Doing morning exercises is good for our health. 做早操有益于我们的健康。
Jack is always good to me. 杰克总是待我很好。
He’s good at maths. 他擅长数学。
6. a lot, a lot of
a lot和a lot of都可以作“许多”解。a lot可以用作名词,在句子中充当宾语,也可以用作副词,修饰动词或修饰比较级。a lot作副词用时,也可作“非常,特别”解,用作状语,相当于very much。a lot of后接名词,既可接可数名词,又可接不可数名词,多用于肯定句中。在疑问句和否定句中常用many或much代替a lot of。如:
We have a lot to do today. 今天我们有很多事情要做。
He works a lot at home. 他在家干很多活。
She is a lot cleverer than I am. 她比我聪明得多。
Mary likes bananas a lot. 玛丽特别喜欢吃香蕉。
John has a lot of friends. 约翰有很多朋友。
There is a lot of meat in the shopping basket. 购物篮里有许多肉。
Are there many people in the park? 公园里人多吗?
7. although, though
although与though都可作“虽然”解,用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句。一般情况下二者可以互换使用,只是although引导的从句放在句首的时候居多,而though引导的从句放在主句后面的时候居多,但在下列情况下两者不能通用:
1)在as though, even though词组中,不得用although替代though。如:
I won’t let you do it even though you dare. 即使你敢做,我也不让你做。
It looks as though it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。
2)though可以插入让步状语从句中,但although不能这样用。如:
Poor though he is, he is happy. 他尽管穷,却很幸福。
3)though 可用作副词,作“可是,然而”解,而although不可用作副词。如:
He said he could come; he didn’t, though. 他说他能来,然而却没有来。
注意:汉语中可以说“虽然……,但是……”,在英译时却不可说“Though/Although…,but…”,用其中之一就够了。试译:虽然时间很晚了,但他还继续工作。
误:Although it was very late, but he went on working.
正:Although/Though it was very late, he went on working.
正:It was very late, but he went on working.
8. ago, before
这两个词都作“以前”解。ago是副词,表示从现在算起的若干时间以前,谓语动词常用过去时。before可以用作介词,后面接“时间点”,也可以用作副词(如在a few days before短语中),通常表示从过去某时刻算起的若干时间以前,谓语动词常用过去完成时。before可用于现在完成时、一般过去时,不伴有具体的时间而单独使用,表示笼统、不明确的“以前”。before还可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。如:
I bought my first bike two years ago. 两年前我买了我的第一辆自行车。
We saw the film five days ago. 这部电影我们是五天前看的。
Please come to see me before six o’clock. 请在六点钟以前来看我。
When we finally got there, they had left an hour before.
我们最后到达那里时,他们已经离开一小时了。
I’ve read the book before. 我以前读过这本书。
I met that man before. 我以前遇见过那个人。
Where did your sister study before she joined the army? 你姐姐参军前在哪里学习?
9. such, so
两者都可以表示“这样”,“如此”的意思,但是用法不同。
⑴so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。如:
I am so glad to hear from my friend. 收到我朋友的信我真高兴。
He writes so well. 他写得这么好。
⑵such是形容词,用来修饰名词(名词前可以带形容词,也可以不带)。如果修饰单数名词,such后需加不定冠词a 或an。如:
He told us such a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。
We are interested in such things. 我们对这样的事感兴趣。
注意:1)当单数可数名词前有形容词时,也可以用so, 但要注意冠词的位置。如:
He told us such a funny story.=He told us so funny a story.
2)such与all, any, few, many, no, one等连用时,要置于这些词之后,同时其后的名词不加冠词。如:no such thing, one such woman, many such books;不能说: no such a thing, such one woman, such many books。
10. question, problem
这两个词都作“问题”解。question通常指人们主观上产生的、需要得到解答或解释的问题。problem常指客观上存在的等待解决的问题,着重指困难的问题或有关运算的问题,有时两者可以换用。如:
The question(problem) is that we don’t know who did it. 问题是,我们不知道是谁干的。
注意:“解答问题”是answer the question,“解决问题”是solve the problem。
11. forget, leave
两者都可以表示“忘记”,但用法不一样。
⑴leave指将某物遗忘在某个地方,其后要接表示地点的词语。如:
The little girl left her English book at home this morning.
这个小女孩今天早上将英语书忘在家里了。
⑵forget表示“遗忘”时,不能同表示地点的词语连用。如:
He forgot his English book this morning. 今天早上他忘记带英语书了。
12. diet, food
两者都可作“食物”解。diet指的是习惯上吃的食物或规定要吃的食物,特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物,如病人的疗养饮食。diet既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词;表示病人的特殊饮食时是可数名词。food是一般用语,凡能吃喝的、具有营养的东西都可称food。food泛指“食物”时是不可数名词;表示“一种食物”或“多种食物”时是可数名词。如:
Proper diet and exercise are both important to health.
合理的饮食和锻炼对健康都很重要。
The doctor has ordered me a special diet. 医生给我安排了特殊的饮食。
Does he like English food? 他喜欢英国食物吗?
The foods that you buy in hamburger restaurant are high in fat, sugar and salt.
你在汉堡包餐馆买的食物的脂肪、糖和盐的含量都很高。
13. a few, a little, few, little
few和a few用于修饰可数名词复数。few具有否定意味,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a few具有肯定的意味,表示“一些”,“有一些”。注意,not a few=no few=quite a few=many。few被every, last, next, some, very等词修饰时,表示的是肯定意义,few前不再用冠词。little和a little用于修饰不可数名词。little具有否定意味,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a little具有肯定的意味,表示“一些”,“有一点”。注意,a little还常用来修饰形容词、副词及其比较级,也可以修饰动词。如:
Few people liked taking trains at that time. 当时很少有人喜欢乘坐火车。
Look!You’ve made a few mistakes in your homework. 看!你在作业中出了好几处错误。
In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again.
在最后几分钟里,他又把试卷检查了一遍。
He goes to the countryside to see his grandmother every few weeks.
他每隔几周就去乡下看望他的祖母。
Hurry up!We have little time left. 赶快,我们快没有时间了。
“How much wine did he drink last night?” “Just a little.”
“昨晚他喝了多少酒?” “只喝了一点儿。”
School ended a little earlier than usual today. 今天学校放学比平常早了点儿。
All of them felt a little tired, so they stopped to have a rest.
他们所有的人都感到有点儿累了,于是停下来休息。
14. too much, much too
too much和much too虽然形式上相近,但用法不同。
⑴too much作“太多”解有三种用法:
1)用作名词词组。如:
Don’t ask too much. 不要问得太多。
2)用作形容词词组,修饰不可数名词。如:
I have too much work to do today. 我今天有很多工作要做。
3)用作副词词组,修饰动词。如:
Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。
⑵much too意为“太、非常”,常用作副词词组,修饰形容词或副词。如:
It was much too hot yesterday. 昨天太热了。
The old man walked much too slow. 这位老人走得太慢了。