Spinescence has been thought to have evolved mainly as a defense against herbivores. Thus, studying its evolution in a w......

Background:In Mediterranean mountain socio-ecosystems, both grazing by livestock and the dry season mayinfluence tree re......

Background:Wildlife and livestock grazing are important products of forest ecosystems,but can be controversial.Herbivory......

植物抗性分为组成抗性和诱导抗性两种类型.组成抗性是植物的一种固有特性,取决于植物不同的基因型,始终存在于植物中并发挥作用;诱......

In eastern North America,white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus)can have profound influences on forest biodiversity an......