一、引言十六世纪末,荷兰人查理斯·约瑟斯所发展的显微镜,大体上类似于一种放大镜。十七世纪,李维霍克、欣纳等人制造出物镜和目镜二次放大的复合显微镜。十八世纪有人把消色差原理应用于显微镜,使显微镜的成象质量有了很大的改善。十九世纪,随着生物学、医学的进展,作为主要研究工具的显微镜相应地在性能上有很多改进。本世纪中叶,泽尼克发明了相衬显微镜,由于这一 I. Introduction At the end of the sixteenth century, the microscope developed by Dutch Charlie Johns was roughly similar to a magnifying glass. In the seventeenth century, Li Weikeke, Shinner and others made the second magnification of the objective lens and the eyepiece compound microscope. The eighteenth century, some people achromatic principle applied to the microscope, the microscope image quality has been greatly improved. In the nineteenth century, with the progress of biology and medicine, the microscope as the main research tool has correspondingly improved its performance. By the middle of this century, Zernike invented a phase contrast microscope, due to this one