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随着21世纪的到来,人类社会逐渐从工业经济时代过渡到信息经济时代。21世纪经济的基本特征是国际化、金融化和知识化,企业所面临的外部社会经济环境发生了巨大变化,“今天有三种力量,它们或者独立,或者结合一起,正在驱使今天的企业越来越深地陷入令大多数董事和经理惊恐不安的陌生境地”(迈克尔·哈默、詹姆斯·钱皮,1998),这三种力量就是竞争的全球化(competition)、需求的顾客化(customers)和变化的常态化
With the advent of the 21st century, human society has gradually shifted from an era of industrial economy to an era of information economy. The basic characteristics of the economy of the 21st century are internationalization, financialization and knowledge-basedization. The external social and economic environment that enterprises face has undergone tremendous changes. “Today, there are three forces that, either independently or together, are driving the enterprises of today Deeper and deeper into the strange and frightening landscape of most directors and managers ”(Michael Hamel, James Ciappi, 1998). These three forces are the competition for competition and the demand for customization customers) and the normalization of change