一什么是叙述?就小说而言,叙述不过是完成“写实”的一段话语历程。由于写实具有多种可能性,因此,充当完成写实任务的叙述也就具有了类型学的意义。写实之“实”如果理解为一种叙述所指的“生活现实”,那么写实之“写”作为叙述的本义所在,实际上就是面对“生活现实”如何“写”,这个问题当属叙述的能指范畴。如何写是指小说的实际作者(在本文的语境里,它也等于小说的叙述者)以何种叙述方式完成对所叙之事的话语行为。这种话语行为的主体理所当然是作者,那么话语行为的物化形态即作品则可认作是叙述主体完成叙事行为所形成的对象化的客体,所谓叙述类型说到底也就是叙述主体于叙述客体之间不同的关系。而欲把握这种关系, What is narration? In the novel, the narration is only a passage of speech that accomplishes “realism”. Due to the multiple possibilities of realistic writing, the narrative that serves as a fulfillment of the realistic tasks also has the significance of typology. If the “reality” of realism is to be understood as a “life reality” in terms of narration, then the realistic “writing” as the original meaning of narration means actually “how to write” in the face of “life reality” The sign of the category. How to write refers to the actual author of the novel (in the context of this article, which also equates to the narrator of the novel) in what narratives the verbal act of the narrative is accomplished. The main body of this discourse act naturally is the author, then the materialized form of discourse act, that is, the work can be regarded as the objectified object formed by the narrative body to complete the narrative act. In the final analysis, the so-called narrative type is the narrative subject in the narrative object Different relations. To grasp this relationship,