五在对待异化概念上,最大的困难在于,它以人的本性的不变和规范性为前提。仿佛应当先有某种与人的本性有关的东西,以便后来遭受异化。在马克思以前,所有对异化的解释都是这样看问题的。公民先属于社会,然后与之相异化。某一财产先是属于所有者,然后与之相分离。亚当和夏娃先是生活在上帝附近,后来被驱逐而远离上帝。灵魂起先在充满淫欲的肉体内纵情声 Fifth, the biggest difficulty in treating the concept of alienation is that it presupposes constant and normative human nature. It seems as though there must be some sort of something related to the nature of the human being in order to be alienated later. Before Marx, all the explanations of alienation looked at the problem in this way. Citizens first belong to the community, and then dissimilated. A property belongs to the owner first, and then separated from it. Adam and Eve first lived near God and were later expelled from God. The soul first indulgences in the lustful flesh