肾内肾盂中的树枝状结石、较大结石和异位肾。中结石的手术切除较为困难。曾报道过的有限的几种手术法,Gil-Vernet报道妁肾盂漏斗部切开取石术,Smith和Boyce所描述的沿相对无血管平面肾切开取石术等。常遇见失血和肾实质损伤的问题,往往因涉入血管平面,引起难以控制的出血。Smith和Boyce法的肾切开术需广泛解剖肾蒂血管,分离出肾动脉前枝,用包有橡皮的无损伤血管钳阻断之,于周 Renal pelvis in the dendritic stones, larger stones and ectopic kidney. Surgical removal of stones is more difficult. Several limited surgical procedures have been reported, Gil-Vernet reported 妁 pyelolithotomy lithotomy, Smith and Boyce described along the relative avascular plane nephrolithotomy and so on. Often encountered the problem of blood loss and renal parenchymal injury, often due to involvement in the vascular plane, causing uncontrollable bleeding. Kidney incision of the Smith and Boyce method requires extensive dissection of the renal pedicle vessels, isolation of the anterior branch of the renal artery, blockage with an implants-free vascular clamp,