论文部分内容阅读
一、段落成分
理解段落内部的逻辑，阅读时就能抓住重点，关注次重点，忽略次要细节，从而提高做题的正确率。段落的基本结构是：段落主题句（简称为TS，即topic sentence）—段落支撑句（简称为SS，即supporting sentences）—段落总结句（CS，即concluding sentence）。有时，段落没有总结句，那么段落的结构就简化为：TS—SS。还有的时候，段落开始没有主题句，而在段末有总结句，那么段落的结构就简化为：SS—CS。使情况更为复杂的是有时整个段落中没有明显的主题句和总结句，其主题要由阅读者自己总结出来。如：
A
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer， cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer， cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？
这一段文章中主题句 （topic sentence） 是：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.
支撑句 （supporting sentences）： Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer. Cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. 其中...show...， besides，...， for example，... finally， ...等都是用来举例进一步陈述事实的。
总结句 （concluding sentences）： Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer， cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？
这篇文章的结构是： TS—SS—CS，即：
全文的内容要点如下：
B
Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.
这段文章没有主题句，它的主题是通过总结句体现出来的。
支撑句：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. 其中often， and， on the other hand 等都是用来陈述或强调事实.
总结句：So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.
这篇文章的机构是：SS—CS。即：
全文的内容要点如下：
C
Tom studied for four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and， later， Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami， Florida.
The main idea of this paragraph is that_______ . A. Tom， who had studied at Paris Universities for four years， moved to another university.
B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.
C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin University.
D. Tom received an excellent education.
答案是：D。
该篇文章中既没有主题句，也没有总结句，所提供的都是一些细节性的内容，但通过这些细节我们可以总结出它的主题。
练习：
A
Modern day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication. The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds—typically reaching only one meter tall. With short， strong legs， the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts （矿井） with low ceilings. Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700. People bred these heavy， tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.
The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show_______ .
A. it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse
B. horses used to have gentle personalities
C. some horses have better shaped than others
D. horses were of more varieties after domestication
B
Advertisers （广告商） will sometimes use halftruths. Its against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say， “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company. （2008年全国II）
What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement？
A. False statements are easy to see through.
B. Halftruths are often used to mislead people.
C. Doctors like to act in advertisements.
D. Advertisements are based on facts.
C
If you were planning to buy a television set， the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention： “Color TV. Only $79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However， when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs $395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement， and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.
The paragraph could be entitled_______ .
A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale
D
At this time the state of South Carolina was having hard times. Year after year the soil had been planted to the same crop. It was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves， and the planters knew little about soil conservation. Because the soil was beginning to wear out， crops were smaller. The younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South. Many of them moved westward and started cotton plantations （种植园） in Alabama and Mississippi. What was more， so much cotton had been shipped to factories in England and New England that they had as much cotton as they could use. This brought the price of cotton down. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations， and higher and higher prices were demanded for them. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. Hard times had come to South Carolina.
Which of the following sentences can summarize （概括） the main idea of the passage？
A. Hard times had come to South Carolina.
B. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.
C. The soil was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves.
D. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations.
答案：DBCA
二、过渡性连接词
过渡性连词在一篇文章中起着举足轻重的作用。连接词的正确使用能使书面表达层次更分明，脉络更清楚。
一） 高中英语书面表达中常见的过渡性连词有以下几种：
1. 表顺序。
首先，其次……，最后（而且）
（1） First， second， third或者 firstly， secondly， thirdly / finally
（2） to begin with， besides / in addition， whats more / whats worse， last but not least
2. 表对比。
相反的是：by contrast， on the contrary
然而：while， however， nevertheless
3. 表举例。
for example， for instance， such as， take...for example
4. 表解释。
In other words， that is， i.e.
5. 表因果。
For one thing， for another
On the one hand， on the other hand
Therefore， as a result， thus， fortunately ...
6. 表总结。
On the whole， in conclusion， in a word， in brief，in summary， in short， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to summarize， to sum up...
二） 书面表达中连词实用范例
面对中学生“出国热”，社会对此有不同的看法。请你以“Studying Abroad”为题，根据以下提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。
AdvantagesDisadvantages
1.良好的语言环境，更利于语言学习。
2.拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术。
3.传播各民族间的不同文化。
1.年纪小，缺少生活经验，自理能力差。
2.情感孤独，思乡。
3.生活学习费用高。
注意：1.第一句已为你写好，不计入总词数；
2.词数150左右；
3.参考词汇：媒介，中间人mediator
One possible version：
Studying Abroad In recent years， studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese students have gone to foreign countries to study. Many people are trying their best/trying by all means/ making great efforts to apply to go abroad.
There are both advantages and disadvantages about studying abroad. Generally speaking， its advantages can be seen as follows. Firstly， it can provide the students with a good atmosphere to learn a foreign language. Secondly， studying abroad can broaden their horizons and they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries. Thirdly， it helps spread different cultures.
But everything has two sides. There are also some disadvantages about it. To begin with， most of the students are too young to live alone without any living experience. Besides， being far away from their home country， they may feel lonely and homesick. Of course the costs are much higher there than at home.
In my opinion， the students had better finish their college education in China and then go abroad to experience another education and culture. If parents do hope to send their children to study abroad， I advise them to look before they leap.
（作者：吴蝶，海安县实验中学）
理解段落内部的逻辑，阅读时就能抓住重点，关注次重点，忽略次要细节，从而提高做题的正确率。段落的基本结构是：段落主题句（简称为TS，即topic sentence）—段落支撑句（简称为SS，即supporting sentences）—段落总结句（CS，即concluding sentence）。有时，段落没有总结句，那么段落的结构就简化为：TS—SS。还有的时候，段落开始没有主题句，而在段末有总结句，那么段落的结构就简化为：SS—CS。使情况更为复杂的是有时整个段落中没有明显的主题句和总结句，其主题要由阅读者自己总结出来。如：
A
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer， cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer， cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？
这一段文章中主题句 （topic sentence） 是：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.
支撑句 （supporting sentences）： Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer. Cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. 其中...show...， besides，...， for example，... finally， ...等都是用来举例进一步陈述事实的。
总结句 （concluding sentences）： Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer， cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？
这篇文章的结构是： TS—SS—CS，即：
全文的内容要点如下：
B
Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.
这段文章没有主题句，它的主题是通过总结句体现出来的。
支撑句：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. 其中often， and， on the other hand 等都是用来陈述或强调事实.
总结句：So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.
这篇文章的机构是：SS—CS。即：
全文的内容要点如下：
C
Tom studied for four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and， later， Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami， Florida.
The main idea of this paragraph is that_______ . A. Tom， who had studied at Paris Universities for four years， moved to another university.
B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.
C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin University.
D. Tom received an excellent education.
答案是：D。
该篇文章中既没有主题句，也没有总结句，所提供的都是一些细节性的内容，但通过这些细节我们可以总结出它的主题。
练习：
A
Modern day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication. The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds—typically reaching only one meter tall. With short， strong legs， the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts （矿井） with low ceilings. Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700. People bred these heavy， tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.
The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show_______ .
A. it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse
B. horses used to have gentle personalities
C. some horses have better shaped than others
D. horses were of more varieties after domestication
B
Advertisers （广告商） will sometimes use halftruths. Its against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say， “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company. （2008年全国II）
What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement？
A. False statements are easy to see through.
B. Halftruths are often used to mislead people.
C. Doctors like to act in advertisements.
D. Advertisements are based on facts.
C
If you were planning to buy a television set， the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention： “Color TV. Only $79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However， when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs $395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement， and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.
The paragraph could be entitled_______ .
A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale
D
At this time the state of South Carolina was having hard times. Year after year the soil had been planted to the same crop. It was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves， and the planters knew little about soil conservation. Because the soil was beginning to wear out， crops were smaller. The younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South. Many of them moved westward and started cotton plantations （种植园） in Alabama and Mississippi. What was more， so much cotton had been shipped to factories in England and New England that they had as much cotton as they could use. This brought the price of cotton down. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations， and higher and higher prices were demanded for them. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. Hard times had come to South Carolina.
Which of the following sentences can summarize （概括） the main idea of the passage？
A. Hard times had come to South Carolina.
B. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.
C. The soil was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves.
D. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations.
答案：DBCA
二、过渡性连接词
过渡性连词在一篇文章中起着举足轻重的作用。连接词的正确使用能使书面表达层次更分明，脉络更清楚。
一） 高中英语书面表达中常见的过渡性连词有以下几种：
1. 表顺序。
首先，其次……，最后（而且）
（1） First， second， third或者 firstly， secondly， thirdly / finally
（2） to begin with， besides / in addition， whats more / whats worse， last but not least
2. 表对比。
相反的是：by contrast， on the contrary
然而：while， however， nevertheless
3. 表举例。
for example， for instance， such as， take...for example
4. 表解释。
In other words， that is， i.e.
5. 表因果。
For one thing， for another
On the one hand， on the other hand
Therefore， as a result， thus， fortunately ...
6. 表总结。
On the whole， in conclusion， in a word， in brief，in summary， in short， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to summarize， to sum up...
二） 书面表达中连词实用范例
面对中学生“出国热”，社会对此有不同的看法。请你以“Studying Abroad”为题，根据以下提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。
AdvantagesDisadvantages
1.良好的语言环境，更利于语言学习。
2.拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术。
3.传播各民族间的不同文化。
1.年纪小，缺少生活经验，自理能力差。
2.情感孤独，思乡。
3.生活学习费用高。
注意：1.第一句已为你写好，不计入总词数；
2.词数150左右；
3.参考词汇：媒介，中间人mediator
One possible version：
Studying Abroad In recent years， studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese students have gone to foreign countries to study. Many people are trying their best/trying by all means/ making great efforts to apply to go abroad.
There are both advantages and disadvantages about studying abroad. Generally speaking， its advantages can be seen as follows. Firstly， it can provide the students with a good atmosphere to learn a foreign language. Secondly， studying abroad can broaden their horizons and they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries. Thirdly， it helps spread different cultures.
But everything has two sides. There are also some disadvantages about it. To begin with， most of the students are too young to live alone without any living experience. Besides， being far away from their home country， they may feel lonely and homesick. Of course the costs are much higher there than at home.
In my opinion， the students had better finish their college education in China and then go abroad to experience another education and culture. If parents do hope to send their children to study abroad， I advise them to look before they leap.
（作者：吴蝶，海安县实验中学）