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“诗学”专门意义上是指诗的理论和批评,广义上它可以是全部文学理论的同义语。纵观西方诗学的历史,西方古典诗学大体可以分为六个阶段:古希腊时期、古罗马时期、中世纪时期、文艺复兴时期、新古典主义时期、浪漫主义时期。古代希腊,到亚里士多德修正了柏拉图的模仿不真实论和道德至上主义,从而将这个传统发扬光大之后,模仿说将雄霸西方文学理论两千余年。一直到18世纪浪漫主义崛起,方有其他理论可以和它并驾齐驱。“古典”一语开始变得名副其实起来,则应是在文艺复兴时期。文艺复兴重新发现的古代作家和作品,观念、文体、体裁、题材等方面都展现出人文主义新气象。故古典同诗学结盟,文艺复兴是适当其时。17世纪开始,西方诗学见证了从新古典主义走向浪漫主义的历程,逐渐同修辞学拉开距离。而浪漫主义说到底,它不是一个时代、一种思潮的特定模态,而足以概括诗从诞生以来就自由不羁的根本特性。F.施勒格尔没有说错:所有的诗都应该是浪漫的。
“Poetics ” refers specifically to the theory and criticism of poetry in a special sense, and in a broad sense it can be synonymous with all literary theories. Throughout the history of Western poetics, western classical poetics can be roughly divided into six stages: ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the neoclassical period, the romantic period. Ancient Greece, Aristotle amended Plato’s imitation of falsehood and moralism, which will carry forward this tradition, Imitation that will dominate the Western literature theory for more than two thousand years. Until the rise of romanticism in the 18th century, there were other theories that could keep pace with it. “Classical ” began to become a real name, it should be in the Renaissance. Renaissance rediscovered ancient writers and works, concepts, style, genre, themes and other aspects of humanism have shown a new atmosphere. Therefore, the classical alliance with poetry, the Renaissance is a proper time. Beginning in the 17th century, Western poetics witnessed a journey from neoclassicalism to romanticism and gradually began to distance itself from rhetoric. In the final analysis, romanticism is not an era, a particular modality of thought, but it is enough to summarize the fundamental characteristics of free and unruly poetry since it was born. F. Schlegel’s not wrong: all poems should be romantic.