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1.Intorduction
Ernst-August Gutt studies translation with relevance theory.He finds connection between translation and relevance，“…relevance is dependent on the interplay of two factors： contextual effects and processing effort…the notion of ‘relevance’ itself is context-dependent…”（Gutt，2004：31）.
We can see that relevance theory and translation are intertwined.As context and cognition are the focus of both.We could say that for most translations，translators are trying to build the optimal relevance between ST（source text） and TR（target reader）.Translation could be seen as a dual ostensive-inferential process.
Nida points out the relationship between culture and language： “language is the carrier of culture； while culture is the soil of language.Any language is rooted in culture and any culture is centered on language”（Nida，47）.Chinese and English share different culture，which could have impact upon news translation from source text selection to target reader acceptability.For that reason，culture-loaded words are difficult in translation.
According to relevance theory，the purpose of human communication is to achieve optimal relevance.A succesful translation means that the target text could provide readers with the best contextual effects at their minimal processing effort.
2.Translation Strategies for Culture-loaded Words in News
In Translation and Relevance： Cognition and Context，Gutt proposed two translation strategies： direct translation and indirect translation.As Chinese and English cultures are of great diffrence，direct translation is relatively less used.So this paper puts focus on indirect translation with examples，all of which are from the class of foreign-oriented publicity by our professor Li Xin.
2.1 Explanation.This strategy is usually used like this： translators explain culture-loaded word in translation，like providing background information with readers，so they can understand the news accurately.The following examples are dealt with this strategy：
Example 2： Source text：犹太人在天津图片展
Target text： WWII Chinese，Jewish History
In this example，the news talks about a photo show of Jewish refugees coming to Tianjin for shelter during WWII.Obviously，the target text is not a direct translation，though there are no specific culture-loaded words.It explains the meaning of the photo show for audience，providing them with background information，so they can understand it better. 2.2 Substitution.Substitution is a method of domestication to translate culture-loaded words which are difficult to be literally transferred into English.“This strategy involves replacing the culture-specific item or expression with a target-language item which does not have the same prepositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader”（Baker，1992：31）.
Example 3： Source text：中国非物质文化遗产保护进入新阶段
Target text： Doubled efforts to preserve folk art
“非物质文化遗产”is a culture-loaded word，which is easily understood by both Chinese and English，we could translate it directly.However，in this news “非物质文化遗产” means the “folk art”，So the translator uses substitution to minimize target readers’ processing effort.
2.3 Adaptation.This strategy is widely used，referring to “changing the cultural reference when the situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture； thereby necessistating some form of recreation”（Baker，6） It allows translators make some alteration for target readers，which means that structural or conceptual parallel may sometimes be abandoned for optimal relevance.Let’s see several examples.
Example 4： Source text： 近代天津与世界博物馆
Target text： Museum Stirs Memories of Tianjin
This news is to introduce a new-built museum with name of “Modern Tianjin and the World”，we can translate it literally，but it won’t get the best effect.Our professor Li Xin personificated the museum，and I think it will stir the readers curiosity and make them understand the news better.
3.Conclusion
To some extent，translation is subjective，which means that there is no absolutely right theory to guide it.People have argued about translation strategies for many years，relevance theory simplifies translation process，for translators only care about achieving optimal relevance at target readers’ minimal processing effort，and this suits most translations，news translation is no exception.And it benefits culture-loaded words particularly.We need to use synthetical approaches when translating to assure a successful translation.
References：
[1]Baker，Mora.In Other Words： A Course Book on Translation.London： Routledge，1992.
[2]Gutt，Ernest-August.Relevance Theory and Translation： Cognition and Context.Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 2004.
[3]Nida，Eugene A.Language and Culture： Context in Translating.Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001.
Ernst-August Gutt studies translation with relevance theory.He finds connection between translation and relevance，“…relevance is dependent on the interplay of two factors： contextual effects and processing effort…the notion of ‘relevance’ itself is context-dependent…”（Gutt，2004：31）.
We can see that relevance theory and translation are intertwined.As context and cognition are the focus of both.We could say that for most translations，translators are trying to build the optimal relevance between ST（source text） and TR（target reader）.Translation could be seen as a dual ostensive-inferential process.
Nida points out the relationship between culture and language： “language is the carrier of culture； while culture is the soil of language.Any language is rooted in culture and any culture is centered on language”（Nida，47）.Chinese and English share different culture，which could have impact upon news translation from source text selection to target reader acceptability.For that reason，culture-loaded words are difficult in translation.
According to relevance theory，the purpose of human communication is to achieve optimal relevance.A succesful translation means that the target text could provide readers with the best contextual effects at their minimal processing effort.
2.Translation Strategies for Culture-loaded Words in News
In Translation and Relevance： Cognition and Context，Gutt proposed two translation strategies： direct translation and indirect translation.As Chinese and English cultures are of great diffrence，direct translation is relatively less used.So this paper puts focus on indirect translation with examples，all of which are from the class of foreign-oriented publicity by our professor Li Xin.
2.1 Explanation.This strategy is usually used like this： translators explain culture-loaded word in translation，like providing background information with readers，so they can understand the news accurately.The following examples are dealt with this strategy：
Example 2： Source text：犹太人在天津图片展
Target text： WWII Chinese，Jewish History
In this example，the news talks about a photo show of Jewish refugees coming to Tianjin for shelter during WWII.Obviously，the target text is not a direct translation，though there are no specific culture-loaded words.It explains the meaning of the photo show for audience，providing them with background information，so they can understand it better. 2.2 Substitution.Substitution is a method of domestication to translate culture-loaded words which are difficult to be literally transferred into English.“This strategy involves replacing the culture-specific item or expression with a target-language item which does not have the same prepositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader”（Baker，1992：31）.
Example 3： Source text：中国非物质文化遗产保护进入新阶段
Target text： Doubled efforts to preserve folk art
“非物质文化遗产”is a culture-loaded word，which is easily understood by both Chinese and English，we could translate it directly.However，in this news “非物质文化遗产” means the “folk art”，So the translator uses substitution to minimize target readers’ processing effort.
2.3 Adaptation.This strategy is widely used，referring to “changing the cultural reference when the situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture； thereby necessistating some form of recreation”（Baker，6） It allows translators make some alteration for target readers，which means that structural or conceptual parallel may sometimes be abandoned for optimal relevance.Let’s see several examples.
Example 4： Source text： 近代天津与世界博物馆
Target text： Museum Stirs Memories of Tianjin
This news is to introduce a new-built museum with name of “Modern Tianjin and the World”，we can translate it literally，but it won’t get the best effect.Our professor Li Xin personificated the museum，and I think it will stir the readers curiosity and make them understand the news better.
3.Conclusion
To some extent，translation is subjective，which means that there is no absolutely right theory to guide it.People have argued about translation strategies for many years，relevance theory simplifies translation process，for translators only care about achieving optimal relevance at target readers’ minimal processing effort，and this suits most translations，news translation is no exception.And it benefits culture-loaded words particularly.We need to use synthetical approaches when translating to assure a successful translation.
References：
[1]Baker，Mora.In Other Words： A Course Book on Translation.London： Routledge，1992.
[2]Gutt，Ernest-August.Relevance Theory and Translation： Cognition and Context.Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 2004.
[3]Nida，Eugene A.Language and Culture： Context in Translating.Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001.