效应(effect)是指个体或群体接触外来化学物后所发生的生物学改变。这种改变往往能用计量资料以表达其强度,属量效应(graded effect)。此时对量效应在群体中的强度,多数用个体测定值的均值来表达。某些性质的效应难以量化其强度,如死亡、头痛等,此时只能从效应的有、无或表现异 Effect is the biological change that occurs when an individual or group comes into contact with a foreign chemical. This change can often be measured using quantitative data to express its strength, the graded effect. At this point the effect of the amount of the group in the intensity, the majority of individuals measured values ​​?? to express. The effect of certain properties is difficult to quantify its strength, such as death, headache, etc., this time only from the effects of, no or performance