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大型水电工程所建筑的大坝因其巨大,不仅给人类带来了具有震撼性的视觉效果,从而让许多人在心理上得到了战胜自然的暗示或明示,而且,还因其可以提供电力,给人类社会带来了巨大的经济效益。但是,研究和经验表明,修建大坝,包括以水力发电、供水、防洪和灌溉为目的的大型工程,征服自然的代价是昂贵的、缺乏效益和损害社会与生态环境的。本文首先简要讨论了大坝的意义,然后重点分析了大坝的外部性问题,主要关注其社会外部性和生态环境外部性。从社会和科学进步以及发展现代经济学的角度看,完整的水电工程的成本-效益分析应该将外部性成本和效益纳入其中。本文还讨论了大坝建设的经济成本超预算问题,以及对私人部门投资大坝建设现实性分析和前景展望。最后,本文对我国怒江水电建设提出了几点问题和一些建议。
Because of its huge scale, the dams built by large-scale hydropower projects not only bring astonishing visual effects to human beings, and many people are mentally implicit or explicit in their ability to overcome nature. Moreover, because of their ability to provide electricity, To human society has brought tremendous economic benefits. However, research and experience show that the cost of conquering nature is expensive, lacking in efficiency and damaging social and ecological environment for large-scale construction of dams, including those for hydropower, water supply, flood control and irrigation. This paper first briefly discusses the significance of the dam, and then focuses on the dam’s externalities, focusing on its social externalities and ecological environment externalities. From the perspective of social and scientific progress and the development of modern economics, the cost-benefit analysis of a complete hydropower project should incorporate the costs and benefits of externalities. This paper also discusses the over-budget cost of dams construction, as well as the realistic analysis and prospects for the construction of private-owned dams. Finally, this paper puts forward some questions and some suggestions to Nujiang hydropower construction in our country.