如所周知,我国封建社会分期存在多说,其中,魏晋封建说颇受学界关注。魏晋封建说能够立足学界,人身依附关系亦即所谓“身份制”的研究,起了很大作用。秦汉时期的被统治阶级,主要为自耕农和奴婢。魏晋之后,被统治阶级中,奴婢数量剧减,在奴婢与自耕农间,出现了一个庞大的中间阶层。这个中间阶层,虽然名目多种多样,但人身依附关系大致相同,弱于奴婢而强于自耕农,属于一种特殊的“身份制”。其中,最重要的就是所谓“客”。关于“客”的含义,著名史学家唐长孺先生曾作了这样的概括:“相对于宗族而言,非宗族成员是客;相对于乡里而言,外乡人是客。”而关于“客”的性质,却很难一言以蔽。 As we all know, the feudal society in our country exists in many phases, among which the feudalism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties has drawn much attention from the academic circles. The feudalism of the Wei and Jin Dynasties said that it can play a great role in the research based on the academic circle and the personal attachment relationship, also known as the so-called “identity system.” During the Qin and Han dynasties the ruling class, mainly farmers and slaves. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the number of slaves in the ruling class was drastically reduced. Between the slaves and the self-employed farmers, a huge middle class emerged. Although this middle class has a wide variety of personalities, its personal attachment is generally the same. It is weaker than the slaves and stronger than the self-employed farmers and belongs to a special type of “status system.” Among them, the most important thing is the so-called “customer ”. As for the meaning of “guest ”, the famous historian Mr. Tang Chang-tang made the following summary: “The non-clan members are off relative to the clans; the strangers are off relative to the township.” “Guest ” nature, but it is hard to say nothing.