市场经济的发展和规范运行,必须有政府广泛、深入和系统的管制,同时,管制也必须随着市场的竞争强度、交易规模、产业结构和经济水平的变化作出适时的改革。长期以来,在美国宪法框架制约下,国会、总统和行政机构之间就法律、行政命令和规章条例的范围、内容、制定权和执行权等进行极其复杂的博弈。其间市场失灵与管制失灵都有可能发生。制度变迁在相当意义上讲,是克服两种“失灵”寻求新的制度均衡的演变 The development of the market economy and its normative operation must be extensively, deeply and systematically regulated by the government. At the same time, control must be timely reformed in line with changes in the market’s intensity of competition, transaction size, industrial structure and economy. For a long time, under the constitutional framework of the United States, the congressional, presidential and administrative agencies have conducted extremely complicated games on the scope, content, formulation and execution of laws, administrative orders and regulations. In the meantime, market failure and control failure may occur. In a quite sense, the institutional change is to overcome the two kinds of “failure” and seek a new evolution of institutional equilibrium