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在英语句法结构的教学中，复合句既是一个重点，也是一个难点。对句法结构的理解与运用，不仅会影响学生对选择题的选择，而且会影响对文章的理解，更决定了书面表达能力的高低。但是，许多学生对复合句望而却步，对于复合句的运用更是无从谈起，有的同学对复合句只是一个粗浅的了解，当所有从句糅合在一起时，会感到无从下手。针对这种情况，在高三学生的复习阶段，为使学生能有效灵活地运用从句，在给学生讲解时，我运用了比较的方法。
一、概念的比较
复合句：复合句由主句与从句复合而成。从句是主句中的一个成分。
从句：在复合句中，什么位置成为一个句子，就是什么从句。从句可以按照词性和句子成分来进行分类。具体情况见下表。
二、引导词的比较
名词性从句的引导词：
1.wh-类型（who，whom，which，whose，when，where，why...）
how-类型（how，how often，how soon，how long，how much，how many，how far，how far...）
2.if,whether
3.that（that只起引導作用，不做成分，也没有含义，宾语从句中的that常省略，但若是两个并列的宾语从句，第二个中的that一般不能省略）。
定语从句的引导词：
1.关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as
2.关系副词：when，where，why
状语从句的引导词：
1.时间引导词：when，whenever，while，as，before，after，as soon as，until， the moment ,every time，each time ,next time，immediately，hardly...when，scarcely...when，no sooner...than
2.地点引导词：where，wherever
3.原因引导词：because，as，since，now that
4.条件引导词：if，unless，in case，as long as
5.让步引导词：though，although，even if ,even though，no matter wh-
6.目的引导词：so that ，in order that
7.结果引导词：so...that，such...that，so that
8.方式引导词：as if，as though
9.比较引导词：as...as，than
三、从句具体用法的比较
名词性从句：
1.一般运用翻译法。引导词都有其基本含义，that除外。
2.注意区分that与what（that不做成分，也没有含义，what在从句中一般要做主语，宾语或表语，常翻译为“所……的”）。
What we can’t get seems better thanwhat we have.
That he is still alive is unbelievable.
3.if与whether的区别：
（1）if一般只用于动词引起的宾语从句，而whether可用于各种名词性从句；
（2） whether可以和 or not 连用；
（3）whether也可以和to不定式连用。
Whether it is true is not certain.
He asked me whether/ if he could ask another question.
4.宾语从句尤其要注意语序与时态：宾语从句尤其要注意：（1）用陈述句语序，也就是连接词+主语+谓语；（2）在宾语从句中，主句用过去时，从句要用相应的过去时态，但客观真理除外。
The photograghs will show you what does our village look like. （false）
The photograghs will show you what our village looks like.（true）
5.表语从句易混句型： This is because...
This is why...
The reason...is that...
He was seriously ill. This is why he asked for leave.
He asked for leave. This is because he was seriously ill.
The reason why he asked for leave is that he was seriously ill.
6.有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把真正的主语从句置于句末。（但是what，why引导的主语从句除外。）
That the Chinese volleyball team once won six world championships successively is true.
It is true that the Chinese volleyball team once won six world championships successively.
7.注意名词性从句中的虚拟语气的运用。
（1）wish引导的宾语从句中，常用虚拟语气。
I wish I had a house with a beautiful garden.
I wish I had stayed with you last night.
（2）与建议，命令，要求有关的名词性从句中，常用虚拟语气。从句谓语一般用 should+ v.原形，should可以省略。（常见的词有suggest，order ，demand，insist等）
定语从句：
1.一般采用代入法。（定语从句中的引导词做成分但不需要翻译）即将主句与从句分开，将先行词代入从句，将句子补充完整的方法。直接代替用who，whom ,which,that，关系词作定语用whose，补充完整需要加助介词，而且先行词为时间、地点、原因词时，关系词用when，where，why。（why 的先行词常是 reason）
2.as 的用法：
（1）表示正如；
（2）常用在结构： such...as和the same...as 中。
As we know，China is a great country with a long history.
As is known，China is a great country with a long history.
Such books as you bought yesterday is bad for your mind.
He bought the same dress as I bought last week.
3.注意that与which的区别。
（1）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况。
①当先行词是形容词的最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时，如：
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
②当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，如：
The first thing that you could do was to turn off the light.
③当先行词为all, everything, nothing,something,anything,little,much, more等不定代词时，如：
All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.
④当先行词前面有 the only，the very，the last等词修饰时，如：
The only thing that he could do was to run away.
⑤当先行词中既有人又有物时，如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
（2）只能用which作為定语从句的关系代词的情况。
①关系词前面有介词时，只能用which不能用that。
②非限制性定语从句中，用which不用that。
4.注意定语从句中的主谓一致。
He is one of the students who come from America.
He is the only one of the students who comes from America.
5.注意定语从句中有无先行词的情况。
Is this the museum that you visited last year？
Is this museum the one you visited last year？
6.way作先行词时关系词常用 in which, that 或者省略。
7.定语从句中关系词的省略。
关系词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。但它只属于形式上的省略，关系词在从句中仍然充当成分。
8.注意限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
形式：限制性定语从句没有逗号，而非限制性定语从句有逗号。
引导词：非限制性定语从句不能用that和why。
翻译：限制性定语从句翻译前置，但非限制性定语从句顺序翻译。
作用：限制性定语从句起限定作用，而非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用。
状语从句：
1.状语从句一般采用翻译法。引导词都有其基本含义。
2.状语从句的时态：
①主要指时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时表将来，用现在完成表示将来完成。
I will go with you as soon as I finish my homework.
②Hardly...when, scarcely...when，no sooner...than引导的状语从句中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
③So that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中，从句谓语常用 can, could may ,might+ v.原形。
3.状语从句中的词义区别：
（1）when 与while 的区别：while引导时间状语从句时，不能与短暂性动词连用。
He was talking to an old man when I saw him.（true）
He was talking to an old man while I saw him.（false）
（2）such...that与so...that 的区别：
①such修饰的中心词是名词，而so修饰的中心词是形容词或副词；②两者都可以修饰单数可数名词，但是顺序不同；③如果有表示数量的many，much，little，few修饰名词时， 用so而不用such。
It was so large a room that a hundred people looked lost in it.
It was such a large room that a hundred people looked lost in it.
（3）as 的多个意思：①当……时候， ②因为；③尽管；④和……一样。
4.状语从句中的倒装：
（1）so...that...结构中，如果so+ adj/adv.置于句首时，则主句常用部分倒装。
So excited was he that he could not say a word.
（2）as 当尽管讲时，常把表语提前，若表语是名词，则前边不加冠词。
Young as he is , he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
（3）not until...引导的状语从句置于句首时，实行主句倒装从句不倒装。
Not until the fish in the river died did they realize the importance of protecting the environment.
（4）hardly...when...，scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...若hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，实行前面倒装后面不倒装。
Hardly had the game begun when it started raining.
（5）if引导的虚拟语气中，如果把if省略，则常把were，had，should提前。
Had you come earlier you would have met him.
5.状语从句中的虚拟：
（1）要注意区分if引导的是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句。
（2）as if和as though引导的方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气。
6.状语从句中的常用句式：
It is some time since sb. did sth.
It will be sometime before sb. do sth.
四、易混引导词比较
1.疑问词+ ever既可以引导状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。但是，no matter+疑问词只能引导名词性从句。
We shouldn’t give a child___whatever_____he asks.（true）
We shouldn’t give a child no matter what he asks.（false）
2.that与 what在定语从句与名词性从句中的转换。
All that is needed is time.（true）
What is needed is time. （true）
All what is needed is time. （false）
3.注意强调句中的与定语从句中引导词的区别。
It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.
It was 1949___when_____the PRC was founded.
4.注意非限制性定语从句中的引导词与并列句中代词的区别。
He has two sons, both of_____doctors.
He has two sons and both of_____doctors.
通过在教学实践中对复合句的学习利用比较法后，学生对复合句有了一个更加明晰的了解，而且能在学习过程中运用自如。我相信随着实践的不断增加，语言知识的不断丰富，学生的英语应用水平一定会达到一个更高的水平。
（作者单位 榆次第一职业中专学校）
注：本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文
一、概念的比较
复合句：复合句由主句与从句复合而成。从句是主句中的一个成分。
从句：在复合句中，什么位置成为一个句子，就是什么从句。从句可以按照词性和句子成分来进行分类。具体情况见下表。
二、引导词的比较
名词性从句的引导词：
1.wh-类型（who，whom，which，whose，when，where，why...）
how-类型（how，how often，how soon，how long，how much，how many，how far，how far...）
2.if,whether
3.that（that只起引導作用，不做成分，也没有含义，宾语从句中的that常省略，但若是两个并列的宾语从句，第二个中的that一般不能省略）。
定语从句的引导词：
1.关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as
2.关系副词：when，where，why
状语从句的引导词：
1.时间引导词：when，whenever，while，as，before，after，as soon as，until， the moment ,every time，each time ,next time，immediately，hardly...when，scarcely...when，no sooner...than
2.地点引导词：where，wherever
3.原因引导词：because，as，since，now that
4.条件引导词：if，unless，in case，as long as
5.让步引导词：though，although，even if ,even though，no matter wh-
6.目的引导词：so that ，in order that
7.结果引导词：so...that，such...that，so that
8.方式引导词：as if，as though
9.比较引导词：as...as，than
三、从句具体用法的比较
名词性从句：
1.一般运用翻译法。引导词都有其基本含义，that除外。
2.注意区分that与what（that不做成分，也没有含义，what在从句中一般要做主语，宾语或表语，常翻译为“所……的”）。
What we can’t get seems better thanwhat we have.
That he is still alive is unbelievable.
3.if与whether的区别：
（1）if一般只用于动词引起的宾语从句，而whether可用于各种名词性从句；
（2） whether可以和 or not 连用；
（3）whether也可以和to不定式连用。
Whether it is true is not certain.
He asked me whether/ if he could ask another question.
4.宾语从句尤其要注意语序与时态：宾语从句尤其要注意：（1）用陈述句语序，也就是连接词+主语+谓语；（2）在宾语从句中，主句用过去时，从句要用相应的过去时态，但客观真理除外。
The photograghs will show you what does our village look like. （false）
The photograghs will show you what our village looks like.（true）
5.表语从句易混句型： This is because...
This is why...
The reason...is that...
He was seriously ill. This is why he asked for leave.
He asked for leave. This is because he was seriously ill.
The reason why he asked for leave is that he was seriously ill.
6.有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把真正的主语从句置于句末。（但是what，why引导的主语从句除外。）
That the Chinese volleyball team once won six world championships successively is true.
It is true that the Chinese volleyball team once won six world championships successively.
7.注意名词性从句中的虚拟语气的运用。
（1）wish引导的宾语从句中，常用虚拟语气。
I wish I had a house with a beautiful garden.
I wish I had stayed with you last night.
（2）与建议，命令，要求有关的名词性从句中，常用虚拟语气。从句谓语一般用 should+ v.原形，should可以省略。（常见的词有suggest，order ，demand，insist等）
定语从句：
1.一般采用代入法。（定语从句中的引导词做成分但不需要翻译）即将主句与从句分开，将先行词代入从句，将句子补充完整的方法。直接代替用who，whom ,which,that，关系词作定语用whose，补充完整需要加助介词，而且先行词为时间、地点、原因词时，关系词用when，where，why。（why 的先行词常是 reason）
2.as 的用法：
（1）表示正如；
（2）常用在结构： such...as和the same...as 中。
As we know，China is a great country with a long history.
As is known，China is a great country with a long history.
Such books as you bought yesterday is bad for your mind.
He bought the same dress as I bought last week.
3.注意that与which的区别。
（1）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况。
①当先行词是形容词的最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时，如：
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
②当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，如：
The first thing that you could do was to turn off the light.
③当先行词为all, everything, nothing,something,anything,little,much, more等不定代词时，如：
All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.
④当先行词前面有 the only，the very，the last等词修饰时，如：
The only thing that he could do was to run away.
⑤当先行词中既有人又有物时，如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
（2）只能用which作為定语从句的关系代词的情况。
①关系词前面有介词时，只能用which不能用that。
②非限制性定语从句中，用which不用that。
4.注意定语从句中的主谓一致。
He is one of the students who come from America.
He is the only one of the students who comes from America.
5.注意定语从句中有无先行词的情况。
Is this the museum that you visited last year？
Is this museum the one you visited last year？
6.way作先行词时关系词常用 in which, that 或者省略。
7.定语从句中关系词的省略。
关系词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。但它只属于形式上的省略，关系词在从句中仍然充当成分。
8.注意限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
形式：限制性定语从句没有逗号，而非限制性定语从句有逗号。
引导词：非限制性定语从句不能用that和why。
翻译：限制性定语从句翻译前置，但非限制性定语从句顺序翻译。
作用：限制性定语从句起限定作用，而非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用。
状语从句：
1.状语从句一般采用翻译法。引导词都有其基本含义。
2.状语从句的时态：
①主要指时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时表将来，用现在完成表示将来完成。
I will go with you as soon as I finish my homework.
②Hardly...when, scarcely...when，no sooner...than引导的状语从句中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
③So that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中，从句谓语常用 can, could may ,might+ v.原形。
3.状语从句中的词义区别：
（1）when 与while 的区别：while引导时间状语从句时，不能与短暂性动词连用。
He was talking to an old man when I saw him.（true）
He was talking to an old man while I saw him.（false）
（2）such...that与so...that 的区别：
①such修饰的中心词是名词，而so修饰的中心词是形容词或副词；②两者都可以修饰单数可数名词，但是顺序不同；③如果有表示数量的many，much，little，few修饰名词时， 用so而不用such。
It was so large a room that a hundred people looked lost in it.
It was such a large room that a hundred people looked lost in it.
（3）as 的多个意思：①当……时候， ②因为；③尽管；④和……一样。
4.状语从句中的倒装：
（1）so...that...结构中，如果so+ adj/adv.置于句首时，则主句常用部分倒装。
So excited was he that he could not say a word.
（2）as 当尽管讲时，常把表语提前，若表语是名词，则前边不加冠词。
Young as he is , he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
（3）not until...引导的状语从句置于句首时，实行主句倒装从句不倒装。
Not until the fish in the river died did they realize the importance of protecting the environment.
（4）hardly...when...，scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...若hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，实行前面倒装后面不倒装。
Hardly had the game begun when it started raining.
（5）if引导的虚拟语气中，如果把if省略，则常把were，had，should提前。
Had you come earlier you would have met him.
5.状语从句中的虚拟：
（1）要注意区分if引导的是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句。
（2）as if和as though引导的方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气。
6.状语从句中的常用句式：
It is some time since sb. did sth.
It will be sometime before sb. do sth.
四、易混引导词比较
1.疑问词+ ever既可以引导状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。但是，no matter+疑问词只能引导名词性从句。
We shouldn’t give a child___whatever_____he asks.（true）
We shouldn’t give a child no matter what he asks.（false）
2.that与 what在定语从句与名词性从句中的转换。
All that is needed is time.（true）
What is needed is time. （true）
All what is needed is time. （false）
3.注意强调句中的与定语从句中引导词的区别。
It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.
It was 1949___when_____the PRC was founded.
4.注意非限制性定语从句中的引导词与并列句中代词的区别。
He has two sons, both of_____doctors.
He has two sons and both of_____doctors.
通过在教学实践中对复合句的学习利用比较法后，学生对复合句有了一个更加明晰的了解，而且能在学习过程中运用自如。我相信随着实践的不断增加，语言知识的不断丰富，学生的英语应用水平一定会达到一个更高的水平。
（作者单位 榆次第一职业中专学校）
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