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语言是思维的工具,它用文字来固定和记录人们思维的结果和认识的成果,反映和描述现实;但另一方面,语言和思维又是属于两种不同的社会现象,是可分的,而且二者之间并非一对一的对应。一种思维往往可有多种语言形式来表达;或者,用Eugene A. Nida的话来说,Languages,possess various ways of communicating essentially the same propositional information(语言具有能基本上传达同一命题信息的种种方式)。因此,作为用一种语言传递另一种语言的思维内容的翻译,其手段也是“多变量”的。正如林语堂先生所指出的,“译学无一定之成规,且译书无所谓绝对最好之译句;同一句原文,可有各种译法。”“横看成岭侧成峰”,翻译中允许不同角度取景,允许译者自出心裁,允许同一原文有多种表达形式.翻译中注意运用多种形式表达同一意思,是一种非常有意义并且很有趣的双语符号互换作业,它有助于我们开拓视野,活跃思路,找到最大限度接近原文、更地道的译文表现形式。下面拟就这方面作点肤浅探讨。
一、选取不同的参照点
翻译中传递原文同一信息,可以从不同角度、不同信息焦点,即选取不同参照点,包括不同实体、运动、属性、情状等作为出发点。对同一现实情境进行反映或描述,这样可以丰富表达手段,把思维的严密性表现在生动活泼的形式中。
例:只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。
译文一:When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humour.
译文二:As soon as he finds any possible opponent,he is,by instinct,to win/has an inclination for winning him over with charm and humour.
译文三:The sight of a potential antagonist arouses/evoke’’s his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humour.
译文一以属性(instinct)作参照点,译文二以实体(he)作参照点,译文三以运动(sight)作参照点,着眼点发生变化,导致表达形式迥异,但基本上都准确传递了原文信息。
二、运用同义词
同义词一方面指谓同一客观现象,另一方面表现不同主观色彩。但不同主观色彩并不妨碍它们同指一个对象,同义词更重要的价值在于使得同一概念的表达多样化。翻译中运用语义基本相同、色彩区别不很明显的同义词语,可使译文避免词面重复、语言板滞枯燥。上面例句已经证明了这一使用意义,下面再举些例子进行说明。例句译文划线部分都与原文有关内容取得了“最切近的对等”。
例1:据说,由于出现市场经济,许多高中毕业生不愿上大学。
译文一:There has been talk that many high school graduates do not want to attend college because of the emergence of the market economy.
译文二:Word has gone round that many middle school graduates are unwilling to go to college as a result of the appearance of the market econmy.
译文三:It has been said that the emergence of the market economy suppresses the desire of many high school graduates for the institutions of higher learning.
此外,还要指出的是,表达同一思维内容,不同语言往往具有不同表达形式,翻译中直译、意译、改换说法等手段的运用,使得译文具有更加丰富多彩的同义语词形式用于表达同一信息.
例2:不入虎穴,焉得虎子?
译文一:How can one catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger’’s lair?
译文二:If you do not venture into a tiger’’s den,how can you get the tiger’’s cubs?
译文三:One cannot expect to achieve anything if one dare not take risks.
译文四:He who would search for pearls must dive below.
译文五:Nothing venture. nothing have.
以上形式迥异,但深层上表达了同一意义。译文一、二用直译,不但保持了原文内容,而且保持了其语言形式; 译文三用意译将原文意义准确表达出来,译文四、五用内容对等的英语谚语译汉语谚语,显得铢两悉称。
三、运用结构转换
语言中可以运用不同结构表达基本相同意义,即运用不同语词指令传达大致相同内容。翻译中运用结构转换,如简单句与复合句转换、主从复句与联合复句转换,句子成分互换等,能使译文表达生动,多样化,富有表现力。
例1:他们思想深沉,性格坚强,能独立分析社会现象并作出选择。
译文一:They have deep thoughts and strong characters, which allow them to analyse social phenomena and make choices independently.
译文二:Being deep in thought and strong character/With deep thoughts and strong characters,they are able to analyse social phenomena and make independent choices.
译文一用主从复合句,译文二用简单句,结构不同,重心稍有区别,译文一突出个性,译文二突出能力,但内容上都基本上忠于原文。
例2:虽然姜文缺少国外生活经历,但他运用独特的领悟力和高超的演技,使得表演真实可信。
译文一:Although he has shortages in experience of life abroad jiang Wen uses his distinct understanding and super performance skills to give a realistic and convincing portrayal.
译文二:In spite of his lack of experience of life abroad,Jiang Wen gives a realistic and convincing portrayal by using his distinct understanding and super performance skills.
例3:由于天气酷热,我们只好休息。
译文一:We had to rest because it was intensely hot.
译文二:We were obliged to take a rest because of the intense heat.
例2、例3译文均用介词短语和从句结构互换,表达相同概念,只是语体色彩有别。第种结构较随便,用于非正式场合,第二种结构较普遍,属于语言的共核部分。表示性质和特点,是英语有别于汉语的一独特表达方式。
一、选取不同的参照点
翻译中传递原文同一信息,可以从不同角度、不同信息焦点,即选取不同参照点,包括不同实体、运动、属性、情状等作为出发点。对同一现实情境进行反映或描述,这样可以丰富表达手段,把思维的严密性表现在生动活泼的形式中。
例:只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。
译文一:When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his instinct is to win him over with charm and humour.
译文二:As soon as he finds any possible opponent,he is,by instinct,to win/has an inclination for winning him over with charm and humour.
译文三:The sight of a potential antagonist arouses/evoke’’s his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humour.
译文一以属性(instinct)作参照点,译文二以实体(he)作参照点,译文三以运动(sight)作参照点,着眼点发生变化,导致表达形式迥异,但基本上都准确传递了原文信息。
二、运用同义词
同义词一方面指谓同一客观现象,另一方面表现不同主观色彩。但不同主观色彩并不妨碍它们同指一个对象,同义词更重要的价值在于使得同一概念的表达多样化。翻译中运用语义基本相同、色彩区别不很明显的同义词语,可使译文避免词面重复、语言板滞枯燥。上面例句已经证明了这一使用意义,下面再举些例子进行说明。例句译文划线部分都与原文有关内容取得了“最切近的对等”。
例1:据说,由于出现市场经济,许多高中毕业生不愿上大学。
译文一:There has been talk that many high school graduates do not want to attend college because of the emergence of the market economy.
译文二:Word has gone round that many middle school graduates are unwilling to go to college as a result of the appearance of the market econmy.
译文三:It has been said that the emergence of the market economy suppresses the desire of many high school graduates for the institutions of higher learning.
此外,还要指出的是,表达同一思维内容,不同语言往往具有不同表达形式,翻译中直译、意译、改换说法等手段的运用,使得译文具有更加丰富多彩的同义语词形式用于表达同一信息.
例2:不入虎穴,焉得虎子?
译文一:How can one catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger’’s lair?
译文二:If you do not venture into a tiger’’s den,how can you get the tiger’’s cubs?
译文三:One cannot expect to achieve anything if one dare not take risks.
译文四:He who would search for pearls must dive below.
译文五:Nothing venture. nothing have.
以上形式迥异,但深层上表达了同一意义。译文一、二用直译,不但保持了原文内容,而且保持了其语言形式; 译文三用意译将原文意义准确表达出来,译文四、五用内容对等的英语谚语译汉语谚语,显得铢两悉称。
三、运用结构转换
语言中可以运用不同结构表达基本相同意义,即运用不同语词指令传达大致相同内容。翻译中运用结构转换,如简单句与复合句转换、主从复句与联合复句转换,句子成分互换等,能使译文表达生动,多样化,富有表现力。
例1:他们思想深沉,性格坚强,能独立分析社会现象并作出选择。
译文一:They have deep thoughts and strong characters, which allow them to analyse social phenomena and make choices independently.
译文二:Being deep in thought and strong character/With deep thoughts and strong characters,they are able to analyse social phenomena and make independent choices.
译文一用主从复合句,译文二用简单句,结构不同,重心稍有区别,译文一突出个性,译文二突出能力,但内容上都基本上忠于原文。
例2:虽然姜文缺少国外生活经历,但他运用独特的领悟力和高超的演技,使得表演真实可信。
译文一:Although he has shortages in experience of life abroad jiang Wen uses his distinct understanding and super performance skills to give a realistic and convincing portrayal.
译文二:In spite of his lack of experience of life abroad,Jiang Wen gives a realistic and convincing portrayal by using his distinct understanding and super performance skills.
例3:由于天气酷热,我们只好休息。
译文一:We had to rest because it was intensely hot.
译文二:We were obliged to take a rest because of the intense heat.
例2、例3译文均用介词短语和从句结构互换,表达相同概念,只是语体色彩有别。第种结构较随便,用于非正式场合,第二种结构较普遍,属于语言的共核部分。表示性质和特点,是英语有别于汉语的一独特表达方式。