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所谓认知结构,就是学生头脑里的知识结构,即是学生已形成和掌握的知识与经验的集合构成体。这里我们把每一个学习者个体的认知结构在内容和组织方面的特征称之为认知变量。任何迁移的实现都是以学习者原有认知结构为学习背景,借助于一定的思维活动,来理解新知识、解决新问题。因此,学习者认知变量是影响迁移的关键性因素,认知心理学提出了三个对学习的迁移有重要影响的认知变量:(1)在学生的原有认知结构中是否有适当的起固定作用的观念可以利用(简称“可利用性”);(2)学生新面临的知识、问题与和它相关联的原有知识结构中的观念,在内容和组织上的可辨别程度(简称“可辨别性”);(3)学习者原有认知中起固定作用观念的
The so-called cognitive structure, is the knowledge structure in the minds of students, that is, students have formed and mastered the collection of knowledge and experience constituted. Here we refer to the content and organizational features of the cognitive structure of each learner's individual as cognitive variables. The realization of any migration is based on the learner's original cognitive structure as a learning background, with the help of certain thinking activities to understand new knowledge and solve new problems. Therefore, the cognitive variables of learners are the key factors that affect the migration. Cognitive psychology proposes three cognitive variables that have an important influence on the learning transfer: (1) Whether there is proper cognition in the students' original cognitive structure (“Availability”); (2) the content and organizational discernibility of the newly-faced knowledge, problems, and concepts in the original knowledge structure associated with it (Referred to as “discernibility”); (3) the learner's original cognition plays a role of fixation