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从近年高考试题来看，有些结构较复杂的长难句，往往是某些细节理解题、推理判断题、正误判断题的依据；同时对解答段落大意、主旨标题类题目也有直接的或间接的作用。因此，正确分析和理解英语中的长难句就显得非常重要。
英语中的长难句往往一个从句套着一个从句，环环相扣，或使用一些特殊的语法结构或手段，如省略、倒装、分隔结构、介词短语、插入语等，使得考生弄不清楚整个句子结构，对理解造成了障碍。其实，不管句子有多复杂，句子有多长，它主要由两部分组成：主干部分和修饰部分。主干部分是整个句子的骨架，是句子要说明的核心内容，通常为主谓（宾）结构或主系表结构；而修饰成分在句中起修饰或补充说明主干的作用，它可以是单词、短语、非谓语动词、介词短语、插入语，也可以是各种名词性从句、形容词性从句或状语从句等。
下面结合一些阅读文章中的长难句，介绍一种常用的分析长难句的方法——结构分析法。
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：第一步：找连词，确定是复杂的简单句，还是并列句或复合句，注意关系词或连接词的提示；第二步：找到句子的主干部分，分清主语和谓语，划出第一层的从句；第三步：先分析第一层从句，然后再分析第二层、第三层从句，或分析非谓语动词、插入成分或倒装结构等。
1. (Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing up.) Using these four claws, together with the beak(喙), they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done.（2010年，全国卷I，阅读C篇)
What can we infer about primitive birds from the text?
A. They had claws to help them climb.
B. They could fly long distances.
C. They had four wings like a hoatzins.
D. They had a head with long feathers on the top.
答案：A。
分析：本句比较复杂，分别使用了现在分词、介词短语以及状语从句等。句子的主干部分为they can climb about in the bushes(其中they指上句出现的baby hoatzins), looking very much like primitive birds must have done, looking very much like...为现在分词短语作状语，其中like primitive birds must have done（done替代climbed）为状语从句；现在分词using these four claws为方式状语，介词短语together with the beak作状语。
参考译文：他们能够使用这四个爪子和喙在丛林中爬来爬去，看上去很像原始鸟类那样。
2. Dogs owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall — mostly with their dogs — and found it worth doing.(2010, 全国卷I, 阅读D篇)
In the sentence, we can learn that the researchers reported that ________________.
A. people with dogs did more exercise
B. dogs lost the same weight as people did
C. dogs liked exercise much more than people did
D. people without dogs found it useful doing exercise with dogs
答案：A。
分析：从连词but, and来看，该句主要为几个并列谓语，即didn’t lose any more weight..., but, got more exercise overall... and found it worth doing，其中第一个谓语后有一个省略了的比较状语从句than those without dogs, 在but后还有一个插入成分say researchers，破折号 — mostly with their dogs进行补充说明。
参考译文：养狗的人并不比不养狗的人体重下降多少，但是，据研究人员说，(他们)能够得到全身心的锻炼 — 多数和他们的狗一起 — 而且还发现这很值得（去做）。
3. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. (2010, 广东卷，阅读B篇)
When your colleague brings about a problem, you should _____________.
A. find a better way to handle the problem
B. blame him for his lack of responsibility
C. tell him to find the cause of the problem
D. ask a more able colleague for help
答案：A。
分析：通过连词if可知，本句是个复合句，主句为祈使句find ways of dealing with...，在从句中on the job作problems的定语，for lack of...为介词短语作原因状语, 在主句中rather than simply blame the person作状语，与前面的dealing with... 并列。
参考译文：再例如，如果你的同事因缺失责任心或能力不足给你工作造成的问题，应寻找解决缺乏责任心或能力不足问题的办法，而不是简单地去责备这个人。
4. Reuters(路透社) — Robots that can chat, find misplaced glasses, draw airplanes and play with children are attracting thousands of visitors during an exhibition in Tokyo. (创编题)
From this sentence we can see that all are changeable except ______________.
A. clothing B. lifestyle
C. values D. good manners
4. In foreign countries the relation between the boss and the employee is like a master and slave and is purely monetary (金钱的) whereas in Indian culture the relation between the boss and the employee is more like homely relation unlike foreign countries.
In India the relation between the boss and the employee is like ________.
A. a master and slave
B. a teacher and student
C. a doctor and patient
D. family members
5. Cantonese, a dialect from southern China that has dominated(控制) the Chinatowns of North America for decades, is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin, the national language of China and the lingua franca (通用语) of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.
From this part, we can infer that __________________.
A. Cantonese is the only language spoken in North America.
B. Mandarin has replaced Cantonese in Chinatowns of North America
C. The immigrants who speak Mandarin are increasing in North America.
D. The immigrants who speak Mandarin are changing the North American world.
答案与解析：
1. 答案：D。
分析：句中有while表示对比，意为“而，然而”，前后日本人的情况与美国人的情况相对照；in the recent comparison of ...为介词短语作状语；while后的从句中... chose it中的it指代group experience。题干中的two-fifths, also是非常重要的词语，对理解和解答有帮助。
参考译文：在最近一份日本和美国学前教育的比较中发现，91%的日本人选择团体经验作为他们的三大理由之一，而更强调个性发展的美国人则有62%的人选择了它。
2． 答案：C。
分析：句子用not ... but ... 来引导表语，说明舍弃not后的观点，接纳but后的观点。句子主语为walking in circles ...为动名词作主语，谓语为被动结构。
参考译文：绕圈行走不是由腿的长度或力量不同引起的，而是更有可能由逐渐增长的对正前方位置的不确定性引起的结果。选项中的directions与句中的where straight ahead is意思相近。
3. 答案：C。
分析：通过连词but可知，其前后为并列句，重点强调but后的内容；在but后的句子中，the values后的定语从句被because引导的从句隔开，还原后应为... but the values in a person which we receive from our culture always remain unchanged because they are deeply rooted within ...
参考译文：一个人可以改变自己的穿着时尚、饮食方式和生活方式，但从我们文化中获得的价值观总是不变的，因为它们深深地扎根于我们的内心、思想、身体和灵魂中。
4. 答案: D。
分析：句中whereas（然而）说明这是一个复合句，其前主谓部分为the relation...is like ... and is purely monetary，也就是有两个并列谓语；后面从句主谓部分为the relation... is more like ...，其中unlike foreign countries作状语。
参考译文：在外国，老板和雇员的关系就像是主人与奴隶，是纯粹的金钱关系，然而在印度文化里，老板和雇员的关系与外国（那种关系）不同，更像是家庭成员之间的关系。
5. 答案：C。
分析：该句主语为Cantonese, 谓语部分为is being rapidly swept aside...；a dialect from...为Cantonese的同位语，a dialect后面that has dominated...为定语从句；the national language of China...作Mandarin的同位语。
参考译文：粤语是源自中国南部地区的一种方言，几十年以来主导着北美地区的唐人街，如今却正被普通话快速取代。普通话是中国的官方语言，也是大部分中国最新移民的通用语言。
英语中的长难句往往一个从句套着一个从句，环环相扣，或使用一些特殊的语法结构或手段，如省略、倒装、分隔结构、介词短语、插入语等，使得考生弄不清楚整个句子结构，对理解造成了障碍。其实，不管句子有多复杂，句子有多长，它主要由两部分组成：主干部分和修饰部分。主干部分是整个句子的骨架，是句子要说明的核心内容，通常为主谓（宾）结构或主系表结构；而修饰成分在句中起修饰或补充说明主干的作用，它可以是单词、短语、非谓语动词、介词短语、插入语，也可以是各种名词性从句、形容词性从句或状语从句等。
下面结合一些阅读文章中的长难句，介绍一种常用的分析长难句的方法——结构分析法。
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：第一步：找连词，确定是复杂的简单句，还是并列句或复合句，注意关系词或连接词的提示；第二步：找到句子的主干部分，分清主语和谓语，划出第一层的从句；第三步：先分析第一层从句，然后再分析第二层、第三层从句，或分析非谓语动词、插入成分或倒装结构等。
1. (Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing up.) Using these four claws, together with the beak(喙), they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done.（2010年，全国卷I，阅读C篇)
What can we infer about primitive birds from the text?
A. They had claws to help them climb.
B. They could fly long distances.
C. They had four wings like a hoatzins.
D. They had a head with long feathers on the top.
答案：A。
分析：本句比较复杂，分别使用了现在分词、介词短语以及状语从句等。句子的主干部分为they can climb about in the bushes(其中they指上句出现的baby hoatzins), looking very much like primitive birds must have done, looking very much like...为现在分词短语作状语，其中like primitive birds must have done（done替代climbed）为状语从句；现在分词using these four claws为方式状语，介词短语together with the beak作状语。
参考译文：他们能够使用这四个爪子和喙在丛林中爬来爬去，看上去很像原始鸟类那样。
2. Dogs owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall — mostly with their dogs — and found it worth doing.(2010, 全国卷I, 阅读D篇)
In the sentence, we can learn that the researchers reported that ________________.
A. people with dogs did more exercise
B. dogs lost the same weight as people did
C. dogs liked exercise much more than people did
D. people without dogs found it useful doing exercise with dogs
答案：A。
分析：从连词but, and来看，该句主要为几个并列谓语，即didn’t lose any more weight..., but, got more exercise overall... and found it worth doing，其中第一个谓语后有一个省略了的比较状语从句than those without dogs, 在but后还有一个插入成分say researchers，破折号 — mostly with their dogs进行补充说明。
参考译文：养狗的人并不比不养狗的人体重下降多少，但是，据研究人员说，(他们)能够得到全身心的锻炼 — 多数和他们的狗一起 — 而且还发现这很值得（去做）。
3. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. (2010, 广东卷，阅读B篇)
When your colleague brings about a problem, you should _____________.
A. find a better way to handle the problem
B. blame him for his lack of responsibility
C. tell him to find the cause of the problem
D. ask a more able colleague for help
答案：A。
分析：通过连词if可知，本句是个复合句，主句为祈使句find ways of dealing with...，在从句中on the job作problems的定语，for lack of...为介词短语作原因状语, 在主句中rather than simply blame the person作状语，与前面的dealing with... 并列。
参考译文：再例如，如果你的同事因缺失责任心或能力不足给你工作造成的问题，应寻找解决缺乏责任心或能力不足问题的办法，而不是简单地去责备这个人。
4. Reuters(路透社) — Robots that can chat, find misplaced glasses, draw airplanes and play with children are attracting thousands of visitors during an exhibition in Tokyo. (创编题)
From this sentence we can see that all are changeable except ______________.
A. clothing B. lifestyle
C. values D. good manners
4. In foreign countries the relation between the boss and the employee is like a master and slave and is purely monetary (金钱的) whereas in Indian culture the relation between the boss and the employee is more like homely relation unlike foreign countries.
In India the relation between the boss and the employee is like ________.
A. a master and slave
B. a teacher and student
C. a doctor and patient
D. family members
5. Cantonese, a dialect from southern China that has dominated(控制) the Chinatowns of North America for decades, is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin, the national language of China and the lingua franca (通用语) of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.
From this part, we can infer that __________________.
A. Cantonese is the only language spoken in North America.
B. Mandarin has replaced Cantonese in Chinatowns of North America
C. The immigrants who speak Mandarin are increasing in North America.
D. The immigrants who speak Mandarin are changing the North American world.
答案与解析：
1. 答案：D。
分析：句中有while表示对比，意为“而，然而”，前后日本人的情况与美国人的情况相对照；in the recent comparison of ...为介词短语作状语；while后的从句中... chose it中的it指代group experience。题干中的two-fifths, also是非常重要的词语，对理解和解答有帮助。
参考译文：在最近一份日本和美国学前教育的比较中发现，91%的日本人选择团体经验作为他们的三大理由之一，而更强调个性发展的美国人则有62%的人选择了它。
2． 答案：C。
分析：句子用not ... but ... 来引导表语，说明舍弃not后的观点，接纳but后的观点。句子主语为walking in circles ...为动名词作主语，谓语为被动结构。
参考译文：绕圈行走不是由腿的长度或力量不同引起的，而是更有可能由逐渐增长的对正前方位置的不确定性引起的结果。选项中的directions与句中的where straight ahead is意思相近。
3. 答案：C。
分析：通过连词but可知，其前后为并列句，重点强调but后的内容；在but后的句子中，the values后的定语从句被because引导的从句隔开，还原后应为... but the values in a person which we receive from our culture always remain unchanged because they are deeply rooted within ...
参考译文：一个人可以改变自己的穿着时尚、饮食方式和生活方式，但从我们文化中获得的价值观总是不变的，因为它们深深地扎根于我们的内心、思想、身体和灵魂中。
4. 答案: D。
分析：句中whereas（然而）说明这是一个复合句，其前主谓部分为the relation...is like ... and is purely monetary，也就是有两个并列谓语；后面从句主谓部分为the relation... is more like ...，其中unlike foreign countries作状语。
参考译文：在外国，老板和雇员的关系就像是主人与奴隶，是纯粹的金钱关系，然而在印度文化里，老板和雇员的关系与外国（那种关系）不同，更像是家庭成员之间的关系。
5. 答案：C。
分析：该句主语为Cantonese, 谓语部分为is being rapidly swept aside...；a dialect from...为Cantonese的同位语，a dialect后面that has dominated...为定语从句；the national language of China...作Mandarin的同位语。
参考译文：粤语是源自中国南部地区的一种方言，几十年以来主导着北美地区的唐人街，如今却正被普通话快速取代。普通话是中国的官方语言，也是大部分中国最新移民的通用语言。