前言生物之间的关系(包括种间关系和种内关系)问题,很早就引起了人们的注意。第一次对这个问题作过系统的研究的是达尔文。他在「物种起源」(1859年)一书里,曾经从进化的观点,联系着生活条件,广泛地讨论了生物跟生活条件的关系,并且由此提出生存斗争、自然选择的理论来说明生物的進化。他认为生物普遍具有按几何级数增加的倾向,生物为了争取生存和传留后代,必须不断地跟周围的条件做斗争,这包括跟 Preface The relationship between organisms (including interspecies and intraspecific relationships) has long attracted the attention of people. Darwin was the first to systematically study the issue. In his book The Origin of Species (1859), he discussed living conditions from the perspective of evolution and extensively discussed the relationship between living things and living conditions. From this, he proposed the theory of living struggle and natural selection to illustrate that living things Evolution. He believes that living beings generally have the tendency to increase geometrically, and that creatures must continually fight the conditions surrounding their survival and descendants, including