艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯》~((1))中,提出每件艺术品总要涉及四个要素,即艺术家、作品、世界和欣赏者,并以作品为中心,提出任何理论都会考虑到这几个要素,但也都会有所侧重。放入文学范围内,文学理论家总会倚重其中一个要素,去界定、划分和剖析作品。评价作品大致有四种方向,作品与其他三个要素的关系构成三种方向,作品本身独立存 Abrams in “Mirror and Light” ~ ((1)), proposed that each piece of art always involves four elements, namely, artists, works, world and admirers, and works as the center, put forward any theory Will take into account these elements, but also will be focused. Into the scope of literature, literary theorists always rely on one of the elements to define, divide and analyze the work. There are basically four directions for evaluating works. The relationship between the works and the other three elements constitutes three directions. The work itself is independent