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煤作燃料,由来已久,至今还是工业、交通运输及民用的主要燃料。但一般都没有做到物尽其用,当中问题很多。以动力利用为例,通常用煤加热装水的锅炉,再用生成的蒸汽推动蒸汽机或汽轮机产生动力,或进而发电。这种方式的热能利用率低,一般只有5—10％,就是热能利用率高的热电站也不过20％左右。这样看来,每烧一亿吨煤,实际上就有八千多万吨煤的能量白白地浪费了,十分可惜。而且燃烧系统笨重;不易管理、操作,大大地阻碍了技术革新。至于煤中许多宝贵的化学产品和工业材料都成为“废气”或“废物残渣”排走,白白地损失掉,那就更不必说了。
Coal has long been used as a fuel, and it is still the main fuel for industry, transportation and civilian use. However, they are generally not used to their full potential. There are many problems. Taking the use of power as an example, coal-fired boilers are usually heated by coal, and the generated steam is used to drive a steam engine or a steam turbine to generate power or to generate electricity. In this way, the utilization of thermal energy is low, generally only 5-10%, that is, about 20% of thermal power stations with high thermal energy utilization. From this point of view, for every 100 million tons of coal burned, actually more than 80 million tons of coal is wasted, which is a pity. And the combustion system is cumbersome; it is not easy to manage and operate, and it greatly hinders technological innovation. As for the many valuable chemical products and industrial materials in coal that have become “exhaust gas” or “waste residue” and have been lost in vain, it goes without saying.