面对城邦制危机,古希腊中期的哲学家们试图通过推行“至善”目标来为城邦立法,倡导建立在道德观上的社会生活。苏格拉底提出掌握善性知识过公正的生活以建立完善的城邦;柏拉图希望根据善理念以等级制的方式治理城邦;而亚里士多德则宣称应由中产阶级以中庸之道统治城邦。 In the face of the crisis of the state system, the middle-aged Greek philosophers attempted to legislate for the city-state and advocate the establishment of a social life based on the concept of morality by implementing the goal of “perfection.” Socrates proposed mastery of the goodness and knowledge of a just life to establish a perfect city-state; Plato hoped to govern the city-state in a hierarchical manner based on good ideas; and Aristotle claimed that the middle class should rule the city-state with a moderation.