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副词“流水”至迟在明代就已经产生,在明清白话小说中多有使用,并一直沿用到某些现代汉语方言中。它的语法化过程大致是:1.在隐喻认知的作用下,“流水”用作喻体,与比拟词一起充当谓语;2.“流水”与其前或其后的比拟词组合而成的“流水”结构出现在谓语动词前充当状语;3.由于“流水”的比喻义成为常用义,或出于格律、韵律等因素的限制,比拟词经常缺省;4.在频率原则的作用下,“流水”临时性的比喻义凝固成为固定义,副词“流水”正式形成。在这个过程中,比喻句的使用至关重要,它是“流水”结构能够自由地充当谓语或状语的前提。修辞在汉语实词语法化过程中的作用还有待作更深入的研究。
Adverbs “water ” has been produced in the Ming Dynasty at the latest, is more often used in the vernacular novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and has been used in some modern Chinese dialects. Its grammaticalization process is roughly as follows: 1. Under the function of metaphorical cognition, “流水 ” is used as a vehicle, which acts as a predicate together with a comparative noun; 2. “流水 ” is compared with its predecessor or later The combination of “flowing water” structure appears in front of the predicate verb as an adverbial; 3. Because the “water” metaphor becomes a common meaning, or because of metrical, prosodic and other factors, more often than not; Under the action of the frequency principle, the metaphorical solidification of “water ” temporary becomes solid meaning, adverb “water ” formally formed. In this process, the use of metaphor sentences is crucial, and it is the prerequisite that “water ” structure can freely act as predicate or adverbial. The role of rhetoric in the process of grammaticalization of Chinese real words needs to be further studied.