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马克思和维特根斯坦作为“相距最远的两个哲学家”近几十年来正在以不同的方式相遇。以马尔库塞、吉登斯和温奇为代表的西方学者分别从正反两面将维特根斯坦语言哲学理论推进到政治哲学的论战中,进而构建了“马克思与维特根斯坦对立”的论调。作为理论延续和呼应,不同学者为马克思-维特根斯坦比较研究挖掘出三条可能性线索:第一,在实践、认识论和资本主义生活形式等问题上对马克思和维特根斯坦的理论进行相互阐释;第二,指认维特根斯坦哲学在政治上是保守主义的隐性同谋,因而与马克思主义相互排斥;第三,透过葛兰西的挚友斯拉法这一中介,马克思主义可能促成了维特根斯坦的哲学转向。其中也存在值得反思的问题:对维特根斯坦“遵守规则”问题的误读,以及对一个马克思与维特根斯坦共享的重要学术贡献的忽视,即:面对实证科学的侵蚀,捍卫社会科学的合法性。
Marx and Wittgenstein, as the two philosophers farther apart, are encountering in different ways in recent decades. Western scholars represented by Marcuse, Giddens and Wench were respectively pushing Wittgenstein’s philosophical theory of language from the positive and the negative aspects to the polemics of political philosophy, and then constructed “the contradiction between Marx and Wittgenstein” On the tune. As a continuation and echo of theory, different scholars have uncovered three possible clues for Marx-Wittgenstein’s comparative study: first, explain Marx’s and Wittgenstein’s theories on the issues of practice, epistemology and capitalist life style; Secondly, to imply that Wittgenstein’s philosophy is politically a covert conspirator of conservatism and therefore mutually exclusive to Marxism; and thirdly, Marxism may have contributed to Wirtgen through the intermediary of Slava, the grandson of Gramsci Stein’s philosophy turned. There are also some questions worthy of reflection: the misreading of Wittgenstein’s question of “obeying the rules” and the neglect of an important academic contribution shared by Marx and Wittgenstein, that is, in the face of the erosion of empirical science and the defense of the society The legitimacy of science.