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体制的制度结构树状图上的自上而下的改革是突变式的转型;自下而上的改革是一种目标有限的局部改革,本质上是制度结构对环境的一种适应性调整,但不同于自发的制度演化,而是宏观决策主体主动、自觉的调整。过渡性制度安排是减小改革阻力,实现体制平滑转型的机制。自下而上改革的风险主要在于改革停滞甚至倒退和变性,使体制长时间处于扭曲、不稳定的病态,社会经济失序。因此,改革信念、改革文化以及领导者的改革决心和勇气,是实现体制平滑转型的重要条件。
The top-down reform on the institutional structure of the system is a radical transformation. The bottom-up reform is a kind of partial reform with limited aims, which is essentially an adaptive adjustment of the institutional structure to the environment, However, unlike the spontaneous evolution of the system, it is the initiative and conscious adjustment of the macro decision-making body. Transitional institutional arrangements are mechanisms to reduce the resistance to reform and achieve a smooth transition of the system. The risk of bottom-up reform lies mainly in the stagnation or retrogression of the reform and in the degeneration of the system, making the system distorted for an extended period of time, instable ill-health and socio-economic disorder. Therefore, the reform faith, the reform culture and leadership determination and courage in reform are the important conditions for the smooth transition of the system.