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【目的】整理分析近17年间全国糜子品种区域试验参试品种的产量和农艺性状变化,探讨中国糜子品种改良进展和育种水平变化,为未来中国糜子的遗传改良提供依据。【方法】利用多元回归、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,分析1998—2014年国家糜子品种区域试验参试品种不同年份主要性状的变异,比较主要育种单位选育糜子品种性状的差异。【结果】1998—2014年糜子参试品种性状变异显著。随年份推进,粳性糜子品种产量和单株粒重以及糯性糜子品种产量、单株粒重和穗长持续增加。17年间粳性和糯性糜子产量分别增加了50%和21%,单株粒重分别增加了90%和7%,穗长分别增加了19%和29%,生育期长度、株高、主茎节数量和千粒重等性状变化不明显。来自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃和宁夏等9个糜子主产省(区)的17家育种单位提供了65个糜子区域试验品种,其中7家同时提供了粳性和糯性糜子品种,2家只提供了粳性糜子品种,8家只提供糯性糜子品种。来自内蒙古、甘肃和宁夏的3家育种单位贡献了参试品种的55.4%。近6年来自这3家单位的品种产量表现优异,是中国糜子育种的中坚力量。多元回归分析表明,粳性糜子的生育期长度、主茎节数量和单株粒重决定了产量82.8%的变异,糯性糜子的主茎节数量和单株粒重决定了产量78.6%的变异。相关性分析表明,粳性和糯性糜子的主穗长和单株粒重均与单株产量显著正相关,而其他性状间相关性在粳性和糯性糜子中均有所不同。聚类分析结果表明,粳性糜子育成品种分为2类,糯性糜子育成品种分为3类。【结论】1998—2014年,国家区试中粳性和糯性糜子参试品种产量稳步增加,表明中国糜子育种水平有了一定提高。但育种手段相对单一,育种方法多样性程度较低。糜子区试对产量相关性状和品质性状的关注不够,培育高产、优质、适口性好、蒸煮品质优良、抗性淀粉含量高、耐落粒、适合机械化的糜子品种是未来糜子育种的发展方向。强化杂交、远缘杂交、诱变育种、双单倍体以及多倍体育种等传统技术的应用,充分利用基因组学和分子育种学研究方法,加强传统育种技术与现代生物技术结合,是系统提升糜子育种技术水平的重要途径。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to analyze the changes of yield and agronomic traits of the regional varieties of the national millet cultivars in the past 17 years, to discuss the improvement and breeding level of the millet varieties in China and to provide the basis for the genetic improvement of the millet in the future. 【Method】 The variation of major traits in different regions of national millet varieties from 1998 to 2014 was analyzed by multiple regression, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The differences of traits of millet selection among the main breeding units were compared. 【Result】 The results showed that there were significant variations in the traits of millet from 1998 to 2014. With the advancing of the year, the grain yield per plant and the grain weight per plant and the yield of waxy millet cultivars increased continuously. The grain yield of Japonica and waxy millet increased by 50% and 21% respectively over the 17 years. The grain weight per plant increased by 90% and 7% respectively, while the spike length increased by 19% and 29% respectively. The length of growth period, plant height, The number of stem nodes and thousand kernel weight and other traits did not change significantly. Sixteen millet regional test varieties were provided from 17 breeding units of 9 millet major provinces (autonomous regions) in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces, of which 7 also provided japonica And waxy Millet varieties, two only provide the Millet varieties, eight only provide waxy Millet varieties. Three breeding units from Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Ningxia contributed 55.4% of the varieties tested. Nearly 6 years from these three units of outstanding performance of varieties, is the backbone of Chinese millet breeding. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the length of growth stage, the number of main stem segments and grain weight per plant of Japonica broomcorn determined the variation of 82.8% of the yield, the variation of the yield of 78.6% . Correlation analysis showed that the main spike length and grain weight per plant of the japonica and waxy millet were significantly and positively correlated with the yield per plant, while the correlations of other traits were different in the japonica and waxy. The results of cluster analysis showed that the cultivars of japonica-broomcorn millet were divided into two groups, and the waxy broomcorn millet bred varieties were divided into three groups. 【Conclusion】 From 1998 to 2014, the yield of Japonica rice and waxy millet was steadily increased in the national district trial, indicating that the level of Chinese barley millet has been raised to a certain extent. However, breeding methods are relatively simple, and the degree of diversity of breeding methods is low. The test of millet district is insufficiently concerned with yield-related traits and quality traits. It is of great importance to breed millet varieties with high yield, good quality and good palatability, high cooking quality, high resistant starch content and resistance to falling. Strengthen the hybridization, distant hybridization, mutation breeding, double haploid and polyploid breeding and other traditional technologies, make full use of genomics and molecular breeding research methods, strengthen the traditional breeding technology and modern biotechnology, is a system upgrade An Important Way to Improve the Technical Level of Millet Breeding.