范式(paradigm)是美国科学史学者托马斯·库恩在解释科学发展历史时所提出的重要概念。库恩指出:“按既定的用法,范式就是一种公认的模型或模式。”[2]1]“我采用这个术语是想说明,在科学实际活动中某些被公认的范例——包括定律、理论、应用以及仪器设备统统在内的范例——为某种科学研究传统的出现提供了模型。”[3][2]按照沈岿教授的理解,库恩创造的“范式”概念是指在一段时期内科学共同体普遍承认的科学成就,它为特定 Paradigm is an important concept put forward by Thomas Kuhn in explaining the history of science in the history of science in the United States. Kuhn states: “Paradigm is, by its established usage, a well-established model or pattern.” [2] 1] “I used the term to mean that some of the accepted examples of actual scientific activity - - a paradigm that includes all the laws, theories, applications, and instrumentation - provides a model for the emergence of a tradition of scientific research. ”[3] [2] According to Prof Shen Shen, Kuhn’s“ Paradigm ”concept refers to the scientific recognition generally accepted by the scientific community over a period of time that is specific