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周童瑜， 南京大学博士，南京大学风云人物，托福满分获得者，英语之巅创始人。
当一堆名词聚集在句子的主语位置时，句子的谓语动词到底该跟哪个名词（词组）构成主谓一致呢？流传于语法江湖多年的就近原则立即进入部分考生的脑海。但在本文中，笔者绝不会让这个曾经在主谓一致中独领风骚的就近原则一枝独秀，“新科”就远原则，甚至闻所未闻的忽远忽近原则，将全套的远近法则“搅起一池春水”！
由连词or， nor， neither...or， either...or， not...but， not only... but（also）等连接的并列主语构成主谓一致，其谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的主语单复数一致。如：Not the housekeeper but the maids clean the house. Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault. 我们来看例题：
例1 Not only his parents but also his brother_____ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back.
A. have been B. have gone
C. has been D. has gone
点拨：该题选D项。not only...but（also）等连接的并列主语，我们采用就近原则，They haven’t been back，说明他们还没回来，have gone to表示还未返回，符合句意。
此外，在there be结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式也采用就近原则。如：There is a desk and four benches in the office.最后在一些特定句型中也呈现出对就近原则的考量，如：More than one student has tried this，has靠近one不靠近more；Many a person has read the novel，has靠近a person不靠近many；On the wall hangs a clock and some pictures by Vincent van Gogh，此倒装句中hangs靠近a clock，不靠近some pictures；Here is a pen， a few envelops and some paper for you two，此句here的倒装与there be的句式相似，也采用就近原则。
例2 There ____a book and some magazines on the desk.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
点拨：there be采用的是就近原则，因为接近be动词的是a book ，因此选A项；若改成There ____ some magazines and a book on the desk.则选择B项are。
接着我们来看就远原则，其规则是由with， plus， together with， along with， as well as， besides， but ，except， including， in addition to， like（像……一样）， no less than， rather than， accompanied by等介词（短语）接名词或代词来做主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与前面的名词或代词保持一致。如：The trees as well as the shrubbery are losing their leaves. The doctor in addition to his nurses has the night off. The farmer along with the cows rises early. The reading course book， plus its reference books， is helpful to college students.
例3 Everyone except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
点拨：根据就远原则，此处所选的动词的单复数需与everyone保持一致，而非介词except后的Tom and John。everyone常作单数处理，故此题选D项。
例4 No one in the department but Jeremy and I ____ that the director is going to resign.
A. knows B. know C. have know D. am to know
点拨：此题选A项。此句可以改成No one in the department knows that the director is going to resign but（=except Tom and I）.
在一些特定句式中，也呈现出对就远原则的考量，如：More persons than one have known it， have是根据more persons做出的选择，而不是one。
忽远忽近原则的规则：如果句子的主语由一个表示肯定的主语和一个表示否定的主语构成，并且一个是单数，一个是复数，那么规定动词的单复数要与表示肯定的主语保持一致。由于表示肯定的主语的位置是根据表达需要，位置可远可近，因而构成了忽远忽近原则。
例5 The department members but not the chair not to teach on that Day. A. decides B. has decided
C. have decided D. decide
点拨：根据时间和句意所指，应选用过去时或完成时，一般时不符合题意，故首先排除A、D两项，在B、C两项中，根据忽远忽近原则中“择肯定主语”的要求，可以锁定答案为C项。
例6 It is not the faculty members but the president who this issue.
A. decide B. decides C. have decided D. decides on
例7 It was the speaker himself， not his ideas， that the students to flood into the lecture hall.
A. cause B. have caused C. causes D. has caused
点拨：例6选择B项，A、C两项选择的是“否定的主语”，不正确，D项也不对，因为decide可以直接跟宾语，此处不需要再加介词on。例7选择D项。
从例6和例7可以看出，忽远忽近原则在强调句中还是有一定难度的，考生根据“择肯定主语”的要求，可以将这种系列难题收入囊中。
Tips：就近原则和就远原则之间容易混淆的特定句式
①or应用在就近原则中，有一特例，即表示“一两个……”，用one or two +名词复数表达时，如：One or two days are enough for them.谓语“就近”two；用a（an） +名词单数or two表达时，谓语动词“就远”a/an。如：A day or two is enough for them.
②one of +名词复数后面的定语从句，谓语动词“就近”名词复数而非one。如：He is one of the
students that have passed the exam；而the （only） one of +名词复数，后面的定语从句的谓语则“就远”the only one，如：He is the （only） one of the students that has passed the exam.
③a （the， this， that） kind /sort / type of + 名词做主语时，谓语“就远”a而非名词（无论单复数），如：This kind of books is useful for us. 而名词+ of a （the， this， that， these， those， all， some， many等） + kind（s） 做主语时，谓语动词则“就远”名词（无论单复数）而非a。如：Books of this kind are useful for us. 同理，a portion of， a series of， a pile of， a panel of ， a row of， a group of等接主语时，谓语动词通常“就远”a。如：A series of accidents has been reported. A group of people is coming.
求学提醒：本文所讲述的主要是主谓一致的远近法则，而非主谓一致的全部内容，其他部分相对于主谓一致中的“就近”“就远”和忽远忽近中的“择肯定主语”规则，都显得相对简单。但无论怎样，都需要考生记忆一些规则，然后在练习中加以巩固。
例8 New technologies allowing rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA .
A. develop B. has developed
C. developed D. are being developed
点拨：此题选择D项。考生需要注意该题中的allowing rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA，这是一个较长的后置定语，它分隔了主语和谓语，容易使考生误选。A、B、C三项的意思分别是“发展”“已经发展”“发展了”都不如D项“正在发展”符合句意。全句意思为：允许对大量DNA进行测序的新技术正在发展当中。
举此例题主要是想告诉考生，语法规则的应用需要注意句子的结构，有时甚至需要分析句子的成分，同时还需要多加总结。比如看完此文，你有没有发现not...but...既适用于就近原则，又符合忽远忽近原则中“择肯定主语”的用法？
理科版推荐：
there be结构从来不能算是难点，但当其融入特定的句式中呈现其“非谓”态时，你是否可以轻松应对呢？理科版《there be的“非谓”态》系统陈述there be结构的“非谓”态，更有let there be something的流行习惯用法，你还在等什么？
当一堆名词聚集在句子的主语位置时，句子的谓语动词到底该跟哪个名词（词组）构成主谓一致呢？流传于语法江湖多年的就近原则立即进入部分考生的脑海。但在本文中，笔者绝不会让这个曾经在主谓一致中独领风骚的就近原则一枝独秀，“新科”就远原则，甚至闻所未闻的忽远忽近原则，将全套的远近法则“搅起一池春水”！
由连词or， nor， neither...or， either...or， not...but， not only... but（also）等连接的并列主语构成主谓一致，其谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的主语单复数一致。如：Not the housekeeper but the maids clean the house. Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault. 我们来看例题：
例1 Not only his parents but also his brother_____ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back.
A. have been B. have gone
C. has been D. has gone
点拨：该题选D项。not only...but（also）等连接的并列主语，我们采用就近原则，They haven’t been back，说明他们还没回来，have gone to表示还未返回，符合句意。
此外，在there be结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式也采用就近原则。如：There is a desk and four benches in the office.最后在一些特定句型中也呈现出对就近原则的考量，如：More than one student has tried this，has靠近one不靠近more；Many a person has read the novel，has靠近a person不靠近many；On the wall hangs a clock and some pictures by Vincent van Gogh，此倒装句中hangs靠近a clock，不靠近some pictures；Here is a pen， a few envelops and some paper for you two，此句here的倒装与there be的句式相似，也采用就近原则。
例2 There ____a book and some magazines on the desk.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
点拨：there be采用的是就近原则，因为接近be动词的是a book ，因此选A项；若改成There ____ some magazines and a book on the desk.则选择B项are。
接着我们来看就远原则，其规则是由with， plus， together with， along with， as well as， besides， but ，except， including， in addition to， like（像……一样）， no less than， rather than， accompanied by等介词（短语）接名词或代词来做主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与前面的名词或代词保持一致。如：The trees as well as the shrubbery are losing their leaves. The doctor in addition to his nurses has the night off. The farmer along with the cows rises early. The reading course book， plus its reference books， is helpful to college students.
例3 Everyone except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
点拨：根据就远原则，此处所选的动词的单复数需与everyone保持一致，而非介词except后的Tom and John。everyone常作单数处理，故此题选D项。
例4 No one in the department but Jeremy and I ____ that the director is going to resign.
A. knows B. know C. have know D. am to know
点拨：此题选A项。此句可以改成No one in the department knows that the director is going to resign but（=except Tom and I）.
在一些特定句式中，也呈现出对就远原则的考量，如：More persons than one have known it， have是根据more persons做出的选择，而不是one。
忽远忽近原则的规则：如果句子的主语由一个表示肯定的主语和一个表示否定的主语构成，并且一个是单数，一个是复数，那么规定动词的单复数要与表示肯定的主语保持一致。由于表示肯定的主语的位置是根据表达需要，位置可远可近，因而构成了忽远忽近原则。
例5 The department members but not the chair not to teach on that Day. A. decides B. has decided
C. have decided D. decide
点拨：根据时间和句意所指，应选用过去时或完成时，一般时不符合题意，故首先排除A、D两项，在B、C两项中，根据忽远忽近原则中“择肯定主语”的要求，可以锁定答案为C项。
例6 It is not the faculty members but the president who this issue.
A. decide B. decides C. have decided D. decides on
例7 It was the speaker himself， not his ideas， that the students to flood into the lecture hall.
A. cause B. have caused C. causes D. has caused
点拨：例6选择B项，A、C两项选择的是“否定的主语”，不正确，D项也不对，因为decide可以直接跟宾语，此处不需要再加介词on。例7选择D项。
从例6和例7可以看出，忽远忽近原则在强调句中还是有一定难度的，考生根据“择肯定主语”的要求，可以将这种系列难题收入囊中。
Tips：就近原则和就远原则之间容易混淆的特定句式
①or应用在就近原则中，有一特例，即表示“一两个……”，用one or two +名词复数表达时，如：One or two days are enough for them.谓语“就近”two；用a（an） +名词单数or two表达时，谓语动词“就远”a/an。如：A day or two is enough for them.
②one of +名词复数后面的定语从句，谓语动词“就近”名词复数而非one。如：He is one of the
students that have passed the exam；而the （only） one of +名词复数，后面的定语从句的谓语则“就远”the only one，如：He is the （only） one of the students that has passed the exam.
③a （the， this， that） kind /sort / type of + 名词做主语时，谓语“就远”a而非名词（无论单复数），如：This kind of books is useful for us. 而名词+ of a （the， this， that， these， those， all， some， many等） + kind（s） 做主语时，谓语动词则“就远”名词（无论单复数）而非a。如：Books of this kind are useful for us. 同理，a portion of， a series of， a pile of， a panel of ， a row of， a group of等接主语时，谓语动词通常“就远”a。如：A series of accidents has been reported. A group of people is coming.
求学提醒：本文所讲述的主要是主谓一致的远近法则，而非主谓一致的全部内容，其他部分相对于主谓一致中的“就近”“就远”和忽远忽近中的“择肯定主语”规则，都显得相对简单。但无论怎样，都需要考生记忆一些规则，然后在练习中加以巩固。
例8 New technologies allowing rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA .
A. develop B. has developed
C. developed D. are being developed
点拨：此题选择D项。考生需要注意该题中的allowing rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA，这是一个较长的后置定语，它分隔了主语和谓语，容易使考生误选。A、B、C三项的意思分别是“发展”“已经发展”“发展了”都不如D项“正在发展”符合句意。全句意思为：允许对大量DNA进行测序的新技术正在发展当中。
举此例题主要是想告诉考生，语法规则的应用需要注意句子的结构，有时甚至需要分析句子的成分，同时还需要多加总结。比如看完此文，你有没有发现not...but...既适用于就近原则，又符合忽远忽近原则中“择肯定主语”的用法？
理科版推荐：
there be结构从来不能算是难点，但当其融入特定的句式中呈现其“非谓”态时，你是否可以轻松应对呢？理科版《there be的“非谓”态》系统陈述there be结构的“非谓”态，更有let there be something的流行习惯用法，你还在等什么？