企业成功的原因千变万化,但垄断级别的企业往往靠解决一个独一无二的问题而获得垄断的地位,例如苹果和谷歌;而企业失败的原因却普遍相同:无法逃脱竞争。很多经济学家对此视而不见,他们总是痴迷于企业之间的竞争,把竞争当做一种理想的状态。这种思想来自于19世纪的物理学家。他们把个人和企业看成可互换的原子,而非独特的创造者。他们的理论描述了完全竞争的平衡态,但他们不知道的是,平衡态 The reasons for business success are changing, but monopolies often gain monopoly by addressing a single problem, such as Apple and Google; and business failures are common for the same reason: competition can not escape. Many economists turned a blind eye to this, they are always obsessed with the competition among enterprises, the competition as an ideal state. This idea comes from 19th-century physicists. They see individuals and businesses as interchangeable atoms, not as unique creators. Their theory describes the perfectly competitive equilibrium, but what they do not know is equilibrium