战争和动乱几乎是西欧早期现代化中的伴生物。17世纪初英国出版的一本书就说道:只有世界毁灭了,战争才会消除。从15世纪后期到18世纪,或到19世纪初的拿破仑战争,整个西欧战火频仍。仅在16世纪,就有意大利战争,德国诸侯们、皇帝间的战争,胡格诺战争,英国与西班牙的明争暗斗与海上争霸,还有因圈地运动、价格革命引起的社会动乱等等。本文试图分析这些暴 Wars and turmoil are almost companions in the early modernization of Western Europe. A book published in Britain in the early 17th century said: Only when the world is destroyed will the war be eliminated. From the late 15th century to the 18th century, or to the Napoleonic wars in the early 19th century, the war in West Europe was frequent. In the 16th century alone, there were the Italian war, the German princes, the war between the emperors, the Huguenots war, the infighting and maritime hegemony between the United Kingdom and Spain, the social turmoil caused by the enclosure movement and the price revolution, and so on. This article attempts to analyze these violence