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搜索引擎技术是互联网有效运作的基石,也是人们实现对信息进行有效利用的不可或缺的工具。以图片搜索引擎为代表的新的搜索功能在带给人们方便的同时也在有意无意地挑战着现行法律体系的完备性。由于以德国为代表的各大陆法系国家对于限制性条款的列举大多都是封闭式的,而且又不存在一款像美国“合理使用”那样的一般性条款,因此,如何认定图片搜索引擎的合法性问题也就成了最近十多年来各国著作权法领域的一个热点问题。和欧美等国相比,中国对这个问题的研究虽然起步较晚,但发展非常迅速。然而,对搜索引擎的工作原理及其可能引发的著作权法问题,学界还存在着某些理解上的偏差。特别是,学界和司法界混淆了“三步检验法”和“合理使用”条款之间的区别。本文的写作目的,就是首先在技术分析的基础上,归纳出图片搜索引擎究竟会引发哪些著作权法的问题。并结合判例研究和国外的理论,说明为什么“三步检验法”不是用来检验具体行为是否构成合理使用的工具。俗话说他山之石可以攻玉,同为大陆法系的德国十多年来的研究成果也会带给我们很多有益的启示。
Search engine technology is the cornerstone of the effective operation of the Internet, but also an indispensable tool for people to make effective use of information. The new search function represented by the image search engine has challenged the completeness of the legal system consciously or unconsciously while bringing convenience to people. Since the enumeration of restrictive clauses in various civil law countries represented by Germany are mostly closed-ended and there is no general clause like the U.S. “fair use”, how to identify the picture search The question of the legitimacy of the engine has also become a hot issue in the field of copyright law in various countries over the past decade or so. Compared with other countries such as Europe and the United States, the research on this issue in China started very late but developed very rapidly. However, there are some misunderstandings about the working principle of search engine and its possible copyright law. In particular, academia and the judiciary have confused the distinction between the “three-step test” and the “fair use” clause. The purpose of this article is to summarize the question of which copyright law will be triggered by the image search engine based on the technical analysis. And combined with case studies and foreign theory, explain why the “three-step test” is not used to test whether the specific behavior constitutes a reasonable use of tools. As the saying goes, the stones of other mountains can attack jade, and the research results of more than ten years in Germany, a continental legal system, will also bring us many useful enlightenments.