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为了勘探和开发深部地层的油气资源,需要打深井并在其中射孔。深井射孔的基本要求可简单归纳为“准”、“响”、“穿”三个字。“准”,是指把射孔枪准确而安全地下至预定的射孔位置;“响”,是指地面点火后,雷管可靠起爆,并通过导爆索引爆射孔弹;“穿”,是指射孔弹产生的聚能射流完全穿透套管和水泥环而深入地层,并且要求射孔孔眼圆整、规则、不堵塞。对于裂缝性碳酸盐岩地层,则要求射孔孔眼尽量深入地层,把更多的微细裂缝与井眼沟通,一方面为油气流动提供通道,另一方面为压裂酸化等增产措施创造条件。除了这三个基本要求外,还应尽量减小射孔枪及套管的损伤。在深井内,井下高温高压,使射孔作业很难达到上述三项基本要求。现场资料表明,在5000～7000米的深井中,井底温度可达150～180℃,压力一般为500～800公斤/平方厘米,有的甚至高达1500公斤/平方厘米。可是,通常使用的57—103射孔枪和85枪的配套射孔器材只适合于在100℃左右的温度及500公斤/平方厘米的压力的井下条件下使用,这就迫使我们必须对射孔所用的雷管、炸药、射孔弹弹型及装枪方法进行全面的技术改造。
In order to explore and develop oil and gas resources in deep formations, deep wells need to be drilled and perforations perforated. The basic requirements of deep well perforation can be summarized as “quasi”, “ring”, “wear” three words. “Quasi” refers to the perforating gun accurately and safely underground to a predetermined perforation position; “Audible” means that the detonator is reliably detonated after detonation on the ground and the perforation bomb is detonated by the detonating detonator; “wearing” is Refers to the perforating jets generated by the jets completely penetrate the casing and cementing ring and into the formation, and requires perforation perforation, regular, not blocked. For fractured carbonate formations, it is required that perforations be deep into the formation as much as possible to communicate more fine cracks with the wellbore, providing access for oil and gas flow on the one hand and creating conditions for stimulation measures such as fracturing and acidification. In addition to these three basic requirements, the guns and casing should be minimized. In deep wells, underground high temperature and pressure, making perforating operations is difficult to meet the above three basic requirements. The field data show that in deep wells of 5000-7000 meters, the bottom hole temperature can reach 150-180 ℃, the pressure is generally 500-800 kg / cm 2, and some even up to 1500 kg / cm 2. However, the commonly used 57-103 perforating gun and the 85-gun matching perforation equipment are only suitable for use under downhole conditions at a temperature of about 100 ° C and a pressure of 500 kg / cm 2, forcing us to use the perforation The detonators, explosives, perforation projectiles and methods used to carry out a comprehensive technical transformation.