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初中英语听力测试主要是考查应试者理解口头英语的能力。具体地说,就是要求考生听懂日常生活中简短的英语会话和独白,理解说话者的意图和观点,获取事实性的具体信息,并能对会话的背景以及说话者之间的关系作出正确的判断。所谓听中预测是指在播放录音的过程中,根据已获得的信息,预测情节的进一步发展或说话者下面要讲述的内容,以便做好捕捉与试题有关的信息的心理准备。这种预测可以分为以下几种类型。
1.领会大意,捕捉关键信息进行预测
英文写作的特点是一般都有主题句,它揭示整个语篇的主要内容,特别是首尾句,它们往往是材料的主题句。在听短文和较长的对话时,要从第一个句子就开始根据自己的生活经验和知识对文章进行预测,预测的内容包括讲话或谈话的主题、谈话人的目的、意图和态度等。如听完下面一段听力材料首句后可知这是一则广告,在听音时就要注意该产品的优点和价格。
例1:听力材料:And now a special offer of the week! For just $99 you can buy a boat. It’s not just any old boat. This kind of boat never gets a hole in it, and it packs flat in the back of the car. It comes with an electric pump. And all you have to do is just switch it on. It’s bright orange. So it’s safe at sea. What’s more, for $500 dollars, you can have a small outward motor to go on the back. Rush out and buy one now, so you can really enjoy the summer holidays.
2.利用交际用语进行预测
试题往往就要求考生理解对话地点、背景和对话者之间关系。常见的考查背景的问题有:Where did the conversation most likely take place? Where are the two speakers talking?What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?等。听力测试的材料都具有真实的生活情景,因而,听力材料中就会出现与某种生活情景相适应的标志性的交际用语。比如当听到“What can I do for you, sir(madam)?”或“Can I help you?”时,就可预测到对话双方的关系很可能是顾客和店员或是医生和病人的关系。从某方面来看,对对话或独白发生的背景、说话者之间的关系的理解程度,也体现了考生对语篇整体输入、整体理解能力的高低。
例2:Where are the speakers?
A. In a department store. B. In a clothes store.
C. On a playground.
听力原文为:
W: Can I help you?
M: I’d try on some sports jackets.
在这个听力材料中,女士使用的“Can I help you?”这句话就是一种交际语,它比较清楚地表明,谈话是在一种服务性的场所进行的。然后男士提出了自己的意愿:“I’d try on some sports jackets.”进一步证明了这是买衣服的情景,正确答案一目了然。
3.利用关键词语或者短语进行预测
初中听力试题的内容和题材一般较为广泛,从学校、家庭、个人爱好、天气、时间、数字、地点到健康、购物、文化娱乐、体育、租房、旅游、交通等。我们知道了语言环境,一般就能预知要传递的信息。谈话者的职业、身份及其它们之间的关系一般隐含在谈话内容中,听录音时要根据双方谈话的内容和关键词进行分析,推断。另外,从对话者的态度、语气可以判断一个人的职业身份,继而通过抓住对话中能反映某种职业或环境特征的关键用语,可以预测到谈话者之间的关系和谈话场所等。如与商店有关的词语有:supermarket, department store, on sale, size, clothes, men’s suit, women’s dress, changes等;与学校有关的词语有:teacher, student, exam, test, class, homework, score, mark, term paper等;与银行、邮电有关的有bank, open an account, cash, withdraw, deposit, mail, post, stamp, envelope, parcel, air mail, package, check, post office, telegram等;与医疗、医药有关的有:doctor, patient, operation, cancer, cold, fever, cough, high temperature, dentist, surgery等;与宾馆、餐厅有关的有:a single/double room, hotel, reception desk, menu, waiter/waitress, soup, soft drink, beer, wine, salad, pay the bill等。
例3:Where does this conversation take place?
A. In a restaurant. B. In a coffee shop.
C. In a clothing store.
听力原文为:
M: Can I take your coat, madam?
W: Thank you.
M: And would you like something to drink before you order your meal?
做此类试题时,我们一定要抓住体现谈话地点的关键词。本题只要抓住“order your meal”,可知谈话地点是“restaurant”。
4.根据信号词预测
在听力材料中会使用部分词语来表达转折、递进、解释、因果和概括等含义,如:but, however, that is to say, namely, for example, as a result,on the contrary, first, second, yet, still, because,in conclusion, in the south, in the north等。这些关联词的使用,能够让我们准确把握句与句之间的逻辑关系,很好地预测下文的内容。
听力理解是领会语言语义的一项重要能力,听者要对听到的语音信号进行复杂加工,整个过程是一个非常积极,非常活跃的动态过程,是背景知识、语境和语言知识相互撞击、相互作用,对听力材料不断进行吸收,最终形成理解的过程,而正确的听力策略的运用对听力理解有着积极的影响。
1.领会大意,捕捉关键信息进行预测
英文写作的特点是一般都有主题句,它揭示整个语篇的主要内容,特别是首尾句,它们往往是材料的主题句。在听短文和较长的对话时,要从第一个句子就开始根据自己的生活经验和知识对文章进行预测,预测的内容包括讲话或谈话的主题、谈话人的目的、意图和态度等。如听完下面一段听力材料首句后可知这是一则广告,在听音时就要注意该产品的优点和价格。
例1:听力材料:And now a special offer of the week! For just $99 you can buy a boat. It’s not just any old boat. This kind of boat never gets a hole in it, and it packs flat in the back of the car. It comes with an electric pump. And all you have to do is just switch it on. It’s bright orange. So it’s safe at sea. What’s more, for $500 dollars, you can have a small outward motor to go on the back. Rush out and buy one now, so you can really enjoy the summer holidays.
2.利用交际用语进行预测
试题往往就要求考生理解对话地点、背景和对话者之间关系。常见的考查背景的问题有:Where did the conversation most likely take place? Where are the two speakers talking?What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?等。听力测试的材料都具有真实的生活情景,因而,听力材料中就会出现与某种生活情景相适应的标志性的交际用语。比如当听到“What can I do for you, sir(madam)?”或“Can I help you?”时,就可预测到对话双方的关系很可能是顾客和店员或是医生和病人的关系。从某方面来看,对对话或独白发生的背景、说话者之间的关系的理解程度,也体现了考生对语篇整体输入、整体理解能力的高低。
例2:Where are the speakers?
A. In a department store. B. In a clothes store.
C. On a playground.
听力原文为:
W: Can I help you?
M: I’d try on some sports jackets.
在这个听力材料中,女士使用的“Can I help you?”这句话就是一种交际语,它比较清楚地表明,谈话是在一种服务性的场所进行的。然后男士提出了自己的意愿:“I’d try on some sports jackets.”进一步证明了这是买衣服的情景,正确答案一目了然。
3.利用关键词语或者短语进行预测
初中听力试题的内容和题材一般较为广泛,从学校、家庭、个人爱好、天气、时间、数字、地点到健康、购物、文化娱乐、体育、租房、旅游、交通等。我们知道了语言环境,一般就能预知要传递的信息。谈话者的职业、身份及其它们之间的关系一般隐含在谈话内容中,听录音时要根据双方谈话的内容和关键词进行分析,推断。另外,从对话者的态度、语气可以判断一个人的职业身份,继而通过抓住对话中能反映某种职业或环境特征的关键用语,可以预测到谈话者之间的关系和谈话场所等。如与商店有关的词语有:supermarket, department store, on sale, size, clothes, men’s suit, women’s dress, changes等;与学校有关的词语有:teacher, student, exam, test, class, homework, score, mark, term paper等;与银行、邮电有关的有bank, open an account, cash, withdraw, deposit, mail, post, stamp, envelope, parcel, air mail, package, check, post office, telegram等;与医疗、医药有关的有:doctor, patient, operation, cancer, cold, fever, cough, high temperature, dentist, surgery等;与宾馆、餐厅有关的有:a single/double room, hotel, reception desk, menu, waiter/waitress, soup, soft drink, beer, wine, salad, pay the bill等。
例3:Where does this conversation take place?
A. In a restaurant. B. In a coffee shop.
C. In a clothing store.
听力原文为:
M: Can I take your coat, madam?
W: Thank you.
M: And would you like something to drink before you order your meal?
做此类试题时,我们一定要抓住体现谈话地点的关键词。本题只要抓住“order your meal”,可知谈话地点是“restaurant”。
4.根据信号词预测
在听力材料中会使用部分词语来表达转折、递进、解释、因果和概括等含义,如:but, however, that is to say, namely, for example, as a result,on the contrary, first, second, yet, still, because,in conclusion, in the south, in the north等。这些关联词的使用,能够让我们准确把握句与句之间的逻辑关系,很好地预测下文的内容。
听力理解是领会语言语义的一项重要能力,听者要对听到的语音信号进行复杂加工,整个过程是一个非常积极,非常活跃的动态过程,是背景知识、语境和语言知识相互撞击、相互作用,对听力材料不断进行吸收,最终形成理解的过程,而正确的听力策略的运用对听力理解有着积极的影响。