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阅读理解在英语试卷中所占比例较大。阅读理解题大致可分为浅层理解题和深层理解题两种类型。浅层理解题包括了解事实细节、猜测词意、推断指代对象、给事件排序、计算数据、理解篇章结构等类型的题目；深层理解题包括根据内容进行推理判断、总结文章主旨要义、拟文章标题、判断写作目的、感受作者态度等类型的题目。相对而言，深层理解题题量较多，也是同学们最容易失分的题目。下面笔者结合高考真题，探讨深层理解题的失分原因及对策，希望能提高同学们的解题能力。
[例文一]
Since my retirement from teachingmusic in 2001,I have spent a good deal of time painting as an artist.I actually began drawing again in the summer of 1995 when my father died.So perhaps I was trying to recover from the loss of my father，or may be it was just that it brought back memories of him．In anycase．I drew pen and ink animals and landscapes much influenced by Krenkeland St．John for five years．
For some strange reason．I had been waiting until my retirement to startdoing water colors again，but as Soon as I walked out of the school door for the last time I picked up my brushes and re-discovered Andrew Wyeth，who quicklybecame my favorite artist.I had lookedthrough all the art books I had on myshelves and found his water colors to bethe closest to how I thought good wa-tercolors should look．So I painted land-scapes around Minrlesota for three years and tried out many other types of pain-ting．However．water colors remained my first choice．and I think I did my best work there，showing my paintings at anumber of art exhibitions
Art is mow together with my pianoplaying and reading. There is a time foreverything in my world, and it is won-derful to have some time doing what Iwant to do. As Confucius once said,“At seventy I can follow my heart’s de-sire.”
1．What is the text mainly about?
A．Learning to paint in later life.
B．How to paint water colors.
C．An artist-turned teacher
D．Life after retirement.
2．We can infer from the text that the author——
A．had been taught by Krenkel andSt.John
B．painted landscapes in Minnesota for 5 years
C．believed Wyeth to be the best in water colors
D．started his retirement life at theage of seventy
3．How does the author probably feel about his life as an artist?
A．Very enjoyable.
B．A bit rebretful.
C．Rather busy.
D．Fairly dull.
[例文二]
Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds(灰狗)and believethey need lots of exercise. They can ac-tually be quite lazy!Greyhounds aregood at fast races but not long-distancerunning.they do need regular exercisebut they like to run for a short burs andthen get back on the bed or a comfort-able seat. Another misunderstanding isthat grey hounds must be aggressive(好斗的)because they are big in size Infact greyhoundes love people and aregentle with children.
Greyhounds can live for 12～14years but usually only race for two orherr years,and after that that they make great pets.They don’t need a lot of space,don’t make a lot of noise, anddon’t eat a lot for their size.
Normally, greyhounds can be astall as 90cm. There is, howeve, asmall-sized greyhound, which stands on- ly 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown arethe most common. Others include black,these.
Grey hounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy Because they’re slim they don’t have the leg problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the cold.Espesially since they would much ratherbe at jp,e om bed than walking around outside.
1．The text is written mainly——.
A．to tell people how to raise grey-hounds
B．to let people know more aboutgreyhounds
C．to explain why greyhounds areaggressive
D．They are quiet and easy to look
3．Which would be the best title forthis passage?
A．People and Greyhounds
B．Size and Color of the Greyhound
C．The Gentle Greyhound
D．Lazy and Aggressive Greyhound
一、推理判断题
推理判断题要求依据短文所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。同学们解题时可采用“就近”原则，选择既不脱离原文又不简单重复原文的选项。应注意以下几点：1．依据短文提供的信息进行推理，切忌主观臆断；2．全面考虑短文提供的相关信息，切忌以偏概全；3．短文中出现过的原句或明示的原意一般不是正确选项。
推理判断题题干中常见含有infer/imply/learn form the passage等标记词，其表现形式大致如下：
It can be inferred the passagethat_——.
From the passage,we can infer/know/learn that——.
It CANNOT be learnde from thispassage that——.
The senternce“…”implies that————.
The passge implies that——.
What can we learn from the text?
What will be talked about next?
如例文一第2题，答案为C。从短文第2段可看出作者认为Wyeth的水彩画最接近自己认可的好画的标准。A项中的变为influenced。B项中的5years应为3years。短文最后一句中的seventy是孔子说的，并非如D项所说是本文作者退休的年龄。
再如例文第2题，从短文第1段最后一句和第2段可推D为正确答案。A、C显然不是greyhour成为great pets的理由，B则不是主要原因。
二、主旨要义题
英语文章的特点是首句结尾句多为主题句。主题句具有归纳性和根概括性，往往起提纲挈领的作用。一般而言，一篇300个单词左右的短文不可能谈论一个很大的话题，如果将各个主题句的意思结合在一起，基本上能反映短文的主旨或中心思想。因此，主旨要义题往往可以直接从主题句中找到答案。
同学们在解答此类题目时出错的主要原因是以偏概全、过度概括。前者往往表现在以文中某一段落的大意代替全文的要义或中心思想，而后者则是过度夸大短文的含义。
主旨要义题的主要标记词有mainidea,mainly about等，题干的主要表现形式如下：
The story/passage is mainly about———.
What is the main idea/topic of the passage?
Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?
What does the passage mainly dis-cuss/tells us/talk about?
如例文一第1题，答案为D。短文主要叙述的是作者退休后的生活。文章前面两段均提到作者是退休后重新拿起画笔，故A不合题意；B和C则明显可以被排除。
三、文章标题题
标题短小精炼，概括性强，是文章中心思想最简洁的表达形式。解题时一定要依据短文提供的信息，找出最能代表整体内容的关键词语，然后作出选择，使标题含义的范围既不太大，也不太小，能比较贴切地体现全文的意思。应注意以下几点：1．首先找出文章的主题词，主题词一般会出现在正确的选项中；2．标题含义范围不可过于细小，也不可过于宽泛；3．特别要注意the best title中的best一词。
文章标题题的标记词比较单一，以the best title最为多见，题干的主要表现形式有：
The best possible title for this pas-sage is——．
What is/would be the best title for this passage/text?
Which of the following can/would be the best title for the text/passage?
如例文二第3题，短文谈论的对象为greybound，并没有谈到人，故A不合题意；B和D则不能概括全文：故选C。
四、写作意图题和作者态度感受题
此类题目主要考查同学们理解短文写作意图或者了解作者观点、态度的能力，要求根据全文内容，尤其是根据文章的基调领悟隐含于字里行间的写作意图、情感等。答题时要抓住短文的主线，品味作者的措辞，根据上下文领会字里行间所反映的情感态度，体会作者的言外之意。
应注意两点：1．仔细揣摩短文的思路。2．从作者的角度思考、推断，切忌掺杂自己的主观想法和个人偏好，更不应把自己的观点强加给作者。
此类题目的题干的主要表现形式比较丰富，大致如下：
The main purpose of this article/passage is to——.
The writer mainly talks about————.
The writer’s purpose is mainly————.
What’s the purpose of this pas-sage?
What is the author’s main purposein writing this passage?
What doeS the author mainly wantto tell us?
From the passage we can see thatthe author——.
Which point of view may the au-thor agree with?
Which of the following statements Would the author/writer agree with?
如例文一第3题要求读者体会作者的感受，答案为A。从短文第2段、第3段可看出作者很喜欢绘画，并从中得到乐趣，但看不出作者有B、C、D项所列的感受。再如例文二第1题考查写作目的。短文介绍了geyhounds的多方面情况，文中没有A、C项所列的具体内容；D项内容虽有提及，但只是一个方面，不合题意；故选B。
[例文一]
Since my retirement from teachingmusic in 2001,I have spent a good deal of time painting as an artist.I actually began drawing again in the summer of 1995 when my father died.So perhaps I was trying to recover from the loss of my father，or may be it was just that it brought back memories of him．In anycase．I drew pen and ink animals and landscapes much influenced by Krenkeland St．John for five years．
For some strange reason．I had been waiting until my retirement to startdoing water colors again，but as Soon as I walked out of the school door for the last time I picked up my brushes and re-discovered Andrew Wyeth，who quicklybecame my favorite artist.I had lookedthrough all the art books I had on myshelves and found his water colors to bethe closest to how I thought good wa-tercolors should look．So I painted land-scapes around Minrlesota for three years and tried out many other types of pain-ting．However．water colors remained my first choice．and I think I did my best work there，showing my paintings at anumber of art exhibitions
Art is mow together with my pianoplaying and reading. There is a time foreverything in my world, and it is won-derful to have some time doing what Iwant to do. As Confucius once said,“At seventy I can follow my heart’s de-sire.”
1．What is the text mainly about?
A．Learning to paint in later life.
B．How to paint water colors.
C．An artist-turned teacher
D．Life after retirement.
2．We can infer from the text that the author——
A．had been taught by Krenkel andSt.John
B．painted landscapes in Minnesota for 5 years
C．believed Wyeth to be the best in water colors
D．started his retirement life at theage of seventy
3．How does the author probably feel about his life as an artist?
A．Very enjoyable.
B．A bit rebretful.
C．Rather busy.
D．Fairly dull.
[例文二]
Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds(灰狗)and believethey need lots of exercise. They can ac-tually be quite lazy!Greyhounds aregood at fast races but not long-distancerunning.they do need regular exercisebut they like to run for a short burs andthen get back on the bed or a comfort-able seat. Another misunderstanding isthat grey hounds must be aggressive(好斗的)because they are big in size Infact greyhoundes love people and aregentle with children.
Greyhounds can live for 12～14years but usually only race for two orherr years,and after that that they make great pets.They don’t need a lot of space,don’t make a lot of noise, anddon’t eat a lot for their size.
Normally, greyhounds can be astall as 90cm. There is, howeve, asmall-sized greyhound, which stands on- ly 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors. Grey and yellowish-brown arethe most common. Others include black,these.
Grey hounds have smooth body coats, low body fat and are very healthy Because they’re slim they don’t have the leg problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the cold.Espesially since they would much ratherbe at jp,e om bed than walking around outside.
1．The text is written mainly——.
A．to tell people how to raise grey-hounds
B．to let people know more aboutgreyhounds
C．to explain why greyhounds areaggressive
D．They are quiet and easy to look
3．Which would be the best title forthis passage?
A．People and Greyhounds
B．Size and Color of the Greyhound
C．The Gentle Greyhound
D．Lazy and Aggressive Greyhound
一、推理判断题
推理判断题要求依据短文所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。同学们解题时可采用“就近”原则，选择既不脱离原文又不简单重复原文的选项。应注意以下几点：1．依据短文提供的信息进行推理，切忌主观臆断；2．全面考虑短文提供的相关信息，切忌以偏概全；3．短文中出现过的原句或明示的原意一般不是正确选项。
推理判断题题干中常见含有infer/imply/learn form the passage等标记词，其表现形式大致如下：
It can be inferred the passagethat_——.
From the passage,we can infer/know/learn that——.
It CANNOT be learnde from thispassage that——.
The senternce“…”implies that————.
The passge implies that——.
What can we learn from the text?
What will be talked about next?
如例文一第2题，答案为C。从短文第2段可看出作者认为Wyeth的水彩画最接近自己认可的好画的标准。A项中的变为influenced。B项中的5years应为3years。短文最后一句中的seventy是孔子说的，并非如D项所说是本文作者退休的年龄。
再如例文第2题，从短文第1段最后一句和第2段可推D为正确答案。A、C显然不是greyhour成为great pets的理由，B则不是主要原因。
二、主旨要义题
英语文章的特点是首句结尾句多为主题句。主题句具有归纳性和根概括性，往往起提纲挈领的作用。一般而言，一篇300个单词左右的短文不可能谈论一个很大的话题，如果将各个主题句的意思结合在一起，基本上能反映短文的主旨或中心思想。因此，主旨要义题往往可以直接从主题句中找到答案。
同学们在解答此类题目时出错的主要原因是以偏概全、过度概括。前者往往表现在以文中某一段落的大意代替全文的要义或中心思想，而后者则是过度夸大短文的含义。
主旨要义题的主要标记词有mainidea,mainly about等，题干的主要表现形式如下：
The story/passage is mainly about———.
What is the main idea/topic of the passage?
Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?
What does the passage mainly dis-cuss/tells us/talk about?
如例文一第1题，答案为D。短文主要叙述的是作者退休后的生活。文章前面两段均提到作者是退休后重新拿起画笔，故A不合题意；B和C则明显可以被排除。
三、文章标题题
标题短小精炼，概括性强，是文章中心思想最简洁的表达形式。解题时一定要依据短文提供的信息，找出最能代表整体内容的关键词语，然后作出选择，使标题含义的范围既不太大，也不太小，能比较贴切地体现全文的意思。应注意以下几点：1．首先找出文章的主题词，主题词一般会出现在正确的选项中；2．标题含义范围不可过于细小，也不可过于宽泛；3．特别要注意the best title中的best一词。
文章标题题的标记词比较单一，以the best title最为多见，题干的主要表现形式有：
The best possible title for this pas-sage is——．
What is/would be the best title for this passage/text?
Which of the following can/would be the best title for the text/passage?
如例文二第3题，短文谈论的对象为greybound，并没有谈到人，故A不合题意；B和D则不能概括全文：故选C。
四、写作意图题和作者态度感受题
此类题目主要考查同学们理解短文写作意图或者了解作者观点、态度的能力，要求根据全文内容，尤其是根据文章的基调领悟隐含于字里行间的写作意图、情感等。答题时要抓住短文的主线，品味作者的措辞，根据上下文领会字里行间所反映的情感态度，体会作者的言外之意。
应注意两点：1．仔细揣摩短文的思路。2．从作者的角度思考、推断，切忌掺杂自己的主观想法和个人偏好，更不应把自己的观点强加给作者。
此类题目的题干的主要表现形式比较丰富，大致如下：
The main purpose of this article/passage is to——.
The writer mainly talks about————.
The writer’s purpose is mainly————.
What’s the purpose of this pas-sage?
What is the author’s main purposein writing this passage?
What doeS the author mainly wantto tell us?
From the passage we can see thatthe author——.
Which point of view may the au-thor agree with?
Which of the following statements Would the author/writer agree with?
如例文一第3题要求读者体会作者的感受，答案为A。从短文第2段、第3段可看出作者很喜欢绘画，并从中得到乐趣，但看不出作者有B、C、D项所列的感受。再如例文二第1题考查写作目的。短文介绍了geyhounds的多方面情况，文中没有A、C项所列的具体内容；D项内容虽有提及，但只是一个方面，不合题意；故选B。