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1973年,美国终结了延续33年的征兵制,转为实行志愿兵役制。促成这场兵役制变革的原因有很多,其中最主要的一个原因是,在这场变革的设计者看来,服兵役并不是一种公民义务而应被界定为是一种劳动。在志愿兵役制的设计中,军队人员的招募要通过劳动力市场来进行。但是,20世纪70年代新兵的总体素质不断下降,征兵制的终结使陆军陷入了困境之中,而到了20世纪80年代,新兵的素质大幅度提升,陆军作为一个整体也得到了强化。这是因为陆军采用了劳动力市场的模式,对一些值得期许的新兵进行定向招募,通过提供大学学费之类的福利来吸引他们入伍。但是将服兵役定位为一种机会而不是一种义务,则从根本上造成了在福利的供给和可能发生的战争需求这两者之间出现一种紧张关系。不仅如此,这种体制用市场的逻辑替代了公民义务的逻辑,也就解除了美国公民应该履行的基本义务:关切国家以公民之名义所做的事情,以及他们作为公民应该行动起来,或支持或反对美国的军事行动。
In 1973, the United States ended its 33-year conscription system and turned to voluntary military service. There are many reasons contributing to the reform of the military service system. One of the most important reasons for this is that for this changing designer, military service is not a civic duty but should be defined as a kind of labor. In the design of the voluntary military service, the recruitment of military personnel should be carried out through the labor market. However, the overall quality of the 1970s recruits declining, the end of conscription army has been mired in, and by the 1980s, greatly enhance the quality of new recruits, the Army as a whole has also been strengthened. This is because the Army adopted a labor market model, directed recruitment of some promising recruits, and recruited them by providing benefits such as university tuition. However, positioning military service as an opportunity rather than as an obligation fundamentally creates a tension between the supply of benefits and the potential need for war. Moreover, this system replaced with the logic of the market logic of civic duty, also relieve the citizens should fulfill the basic obligations of the United States: the concerns of the citizens of the state of things in the name of doing, and they should act as citizens, or support Or oppose U.S. military operations.