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明朝在建国伊始便确定了评价地方长官治绩的“朝觐考察”制度,地方长官入京朝觐必然产生相应的差旅费。对于这笔必需的行政支出,明廷长期未将其纳入到财政预算之内,其经费来源和使用限额都缺乏明确规定。明代官员通过在制度的空隙中开源节流从而筹取到朝觐道里费,并在保证朝觐旅途的必要开支的同时,将多筹取的路费用在广泛与京城师友沟通感情方面。通过对明代朝觐考察相关资料的梳理,从制度史和财政史的角度厘清朝觐路费筹措、使用情况,可以发现,朝觐路费问题突出的原因不在于官员人性的贪婪,而在于明廷对官员的仕途升迁调转缺乏明确制度保障;坚决恪守制度的模范官员无法得到制度的充分保护是明代官员朝觐路费问题的真正根源。
At the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Ming Dynasty set up a “pilgrimage inspection” system for evaluating the performance of local governors. Local officials entering the pilgrimage to Beijing inevitably had corresponding travel expenses. For this necessary administrative expenses, the Ming court has not been included in the budget for a long time, its funding sources and the use of the ceiling are not clearly defined. In the Ming Dynasty, officials raised fees and charges for pilgrimage by increasing income and reducing expenditure in the system, and at the same time guaranteed the necessary expenses for the journey to Hajj. Through the sorting out of the information about the pilgrimage in the Ming Dynasty, clarifying the raising and using of the haulage toll from the perspectives of institutional history and financial history, it can be found that the reason why the harassment of toll is prominent lies not in the greed of officials’ human nature but in the official duties The lack of a clear institutional guarantee for the promotion and transfer of real estate; the failure of model officials who strictly abide by the system to obtain adequate protection of the system is the real root cause of the problem of official haulage in the Ming Dynasty.