尽管给予最佳治疗,慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者仍然常伴有运动耐量下降和虚弱无力。长期以来,已认识到这是由于心输出量下降和肺充血所致。CHF患者最初心功能不全发生后的短期和长期其他重要病理生理紊乱包括:神经体液激活、细胞因子释放、骨骼肌和周围血管的营养变化,以及反射控制 Despite the best treatment, patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are often accompanied by decreased exercise tolerance and weakness. It has long been recognized that this is due to decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion. Short and long term other important pathophysiological disturbances in patients with CHF after initial primary cardiac insufficiency include neurohumoral activation, cytokine release, nutritional changes in skeletal and peripheral blood vessels, and reflex control