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目的了解青藏铁路青海段沿线饮用水源水质卫生状况。方法2002年7月—2004年12月,在青藏铁路一期工程的柴达木盆地内陆水系、青海湖内陆水系、湟水河上游水系设采样点23处。在二期工程的格尔木河、楚玛尔河、沱沱河、通天河水系设采样点14处,按照《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001)开展水源地卫生学调查并对感官性状和一般化学指标(17项)、毒理学指标(10项)、微生物指标(2项)、放射性指标(2项)进行水质分析,同时还分析了水中7种主要阴阳离子和氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮。结果一期工程枯水期氮化合物、毒理学指标均合格,放射性、感官化学指标合格率为95.65%(22/23),微生物指标合格率为91.30%(21/23)鸦丰水期毒理学、放射性指标均合格,感官化学指标合格率为95.65%(22/23),氮化合物和微生物指标合格率分别为86.96%(20/23)、91.30%(21/23),较枯水期合格率有所下降。超标项目有总硬度、氯化物、总大肠菌群、总α放射性、亚硝酸盐氮。二期工程毒理学、放射性指标、氮化合物均合格,微生物指标枯、丰水期合格率分别为92.86%(13/14)、100%(14/14)。感官化学指标枯、丰水期合格率分别为50.00%(7/14)、35.71%(5/14)。超标项目有总硬度、铁、锰、硫酸盐、氯化物、溶解性总固体、耗氧量、钠、总大肠菌群。通天河、格尔木河、柴达木内陆河、青海湖内陆河、湟水河上游水质为重碳酸盐型,沱沱河、楚玛尔河水质为氯化物型。结论按照《农村实施“生活饮用水卫生标准”准则》,青藏铁路青海段一期工程沿线23个水源水采样点中,91.3%(21/23)达到一级水源;二级水源为8.7%(2/23);无三级和超三级水源。二期工程14个采样点中,一级水源为28.57%(4/14),二级水源为21.43%(3/14),三级水源为7.14%(1/14),超三级水源为42.86%(6/14),超三级水源中有4个采样点因矿化物严重超标不可作为人群饮用水源。
Objective To understand the hygienic condition of drinking water source along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Methods From July 2002 to December 2004, there were 23 sampling sites in the Qaidam Basin inland water system, the Qinghai Lake inland water system and the Huangshui River upstream of Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In the second phase of the project, the Golmud, Chumar River, Tuotuo River, Tongtianhe River sampling point 14, according to “Sanitation Code of Drinking Water” (2001) to carry out water source hygiene survey and sensory traits and general chemistry (17 items), toxicology index (10 items), microbial index (2 items) and radioactive index (2 items) .At the same time, seven kinds of main anion and cation, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in water were also analyzed. Results During the dry season, the nitrogen compounds and toxicological indicators were all qualified. The qualified rate of radioactive and sensory chemical indicators was 95.65% (22/23) and the pass rate of microbial indicators was 91.30% (21/23) The qualified rate of sensory chemical indicators was 95.65% (22/23), the pass rates of nitrogen compounds and microorganisms were 86.96% (20/23) and 91.30% (21/23), respectively, which were lower than those in dry season . Exceeded items total hardness, chloride, total coliform, total alpha radioactivity, nitrite nitrogen. The toxicology, radioactivity index, nitrogen compounds of the second phase project were qualified, the qualified rates of microbial index dry and wet period were 92.86% (13/14) and 100% (14/14) respectively. Sensory chemical indicators withered, wet season pass rates were 50.00% (7/14), 35.71% (5/14). Exceeded items total hardness, iron, manganese, sulfate, chloride, total dissolved solids, oxygen consumption, sodium, total coliform bacteria. The water quality of Tongtianhe, Golmud, Qaidam inland rivers, Qinghai Lake inland river and Huangshui River is bicarbonate type, and Tuotuohe and Chumar rivers are of chloride type. Conclusions According to the “Guidelines for the Implementation of Sanitary Standards for Domestic Drinking Water” in Rural Areas, 91.3% (21/23) of the 23 water source sampling points along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Phase I project reach Grade I water source; the secondary water source is 8.7% 2/23); no tertiary and tertiary water sources. Among the 14 sampling points of Phase II project, the water level of the first grade is 28.57% (4/14), the second grade is 21.43% (3/14), the third grade is 7.14% (1/14), the third grade is 42.86% (6/14). There are 4 sampling points in super-tertiary water sources that can not be used as water sources for drinking because of serious over-standard of mineralization.