主体性问题首先是一个哲学问题,它有三种基本的哲学规定。在自然演进的历史进程中,主体性历经了自然主体、神灵主体、理性主体,最终会归于实践主体。实践主体概念的提出使得人的自然性与社会性在辩证哲学中得到了统一。主体性的哲学界定是研究中国农民主体性的理论依据。上世纪50年代以来,中国农民的主体性功能单位分别经历了宗族、人民公社群体到联产承包责任制下的个体家庭的演变。进入新时期,随着中国社会转型的不断加快,城市化水平的不断提高,广大农民的主体性还不能得到充分的发挥,这是当下中国农村必须解决的重大政治问题。基于此,本文在分析影响当下中国农民主体性功能正常实施的主要因素的基础上,提出了提高当下农民主体性的应然路径选择,以期为解决“三农”问题提供现实参考。 The question of subjectivity is, above all, a question of philosophy, which has three basic philosophical provisions. In the historical process of natural evolution, the subjectivity goes through the natural subject, the deity subject, and the rational subject, which ultimately will be attributed to the practice subject. The proposition of practice subject made the unity of human nature and sociality in dialectical philosophy. The definition of subjectivity is the theoretical basis for studying the subjectivity of peasants in China. Since the 1950s, the subordinate functional units of Chinese peasants have undergone the evolution of the individual families under the responsibility system of clan and contract by the clan and commune respectively. In the new era, as China’s social transformation continues to accelerate and the urbanization level continues to rise, the majority of peasants’ subjectivity can not be fully exploited. This is a major political issue that must be solved in rural China today. Based on this, based on the analysis of the main factors that affect the normal implementation of subjective functions of peasants in our country, this paper puts forward the proper choice of ways to improve the subjectivity of peasants in the hope of providing a realistic reference for solving the issue of “agriculture, countryside and farmers”.