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威妥玛的《语言自迩集》(1886年第二版)附录一份《异读字音表》(TABLE OF CHARACTERSSUBJECT TO CHANGES OF SOUND OR TONE),列有1525字,其中有一部分是同形词,有一部分是连读变音变调,除此之外,大部分是我们今天所说的“文白异读”。《异读字音表》反映北京音作为官话正音的地位刚刚确立,异读字与异读音既多且杂,一字四音、五音甚至六音的所在多有,中古入声字的异读尤其丰富。当时的文白异读,现多已消失;保留至今的,与今之文白异读也不一定对应,有不少是文白易位。分析这些异读音的演变,可以得到以下几点认识:1、当时的北京音与旧时官话正音多有并存,或者说,新音已立而旧音未尽退;2、同时还可见东北方音和满语的影响;3、北京音还在“进化”过程中,例如“何河荷禾贺喝合盒盍”,今日读hê,当时全读ho;“活火夥或惑祸货”等今读huo的字,当时还有ho的异读;4、中古知照二等部分字有舌尖后音与舌尖前音的异读,如“侧摘谪宅责择泽仄窄拆豺册栈暂谗谶簪碜衬诅阻”等字,而今仅个别字仍两读,多数只有舌尖后音一读;5、当日北京音系有io、üo二韵(均出自中古入声韵),为今音所无。所有这些,都说明:北京音虽说于1850年前后地位上升,成为汉语官话正音,但百余年来仍有许多演变,情况并不简单,需要认真研究。而欲真正廓清
WATCHEM’S “TABLE OF CHARACTER SIRBJECT TO CHANGES OF SOUND OR TONE” is listed in the “Language Self-Erji Collection” (Second Edition, 1886), which lists 1525 words, some of which are isomorphisms, In addition, most of them are what we call today “literary differences.” The “different pronunciation pronunciation table” reflects the status that Beijing dialect is the official pronunciation of the official dialect. The status of different pronunciation and heterophony pronunciation is more and more complex. There are many characters such as four characters, five or even six tones. At the time of the literary and colloquia, now many have disappeared; retained so far, and today’s literary and art does not necessarily correspond to different readings, many of them are white transitive. Analysis of the evolution of these different pronunciations can be recognized as follows: 1. At the time, Beijing tone was more coexistent with the old Mandarin dialect, or the new tone was upright while the old tone was not exhausted. 2. At the same time, And Manchu influence; 3, Beijing sound is still “evolution” process, for example, “Hehe He He drink box”, today read hê, then read ho; Huo today read the word, there are different reading of ho; 4, the second part of the ancient knowledge of the word tongue has a tongue after the pronunciations and tongue variant, such as " 5, the same day the Beijing phonology io, üo second rhyme (both from the Middle into the rhyme rhyme), for the tone of the day . All this shows that although Beijing tone rose in its position around 1850 and became the official Mandarin Chinese tone, it still has many evolved over the past hundred years. The situation is not simple and needs to be studied carefully. And want to really clear