为了应对国内外的复杂形势,清政府于1901年宣布实行新政,其中军事、教育现代化改革是这次新政的重要方面。他们想到“皇室应以揽握兵权、革新武备为第一要着”~①,也认识到官兵文化素质低是军队战斗力低下的主要原因,由此实施了具体的措施:创立常备军;设立军事学堂;采用日本的技术和聘用日本教习等,其目的就是培养一批满族内部的军官,建立满族掌握的 In response to the complicated situation both at home and abroad, the Qing government announced the implementation of the New Deal in 1901, in which the military and educational modernization reforms are an important aspect of this new policy. They thought that “the royal family should take the military power and reform the armed forces as the first priority” and also recognize that the low educational level of officers and men is the main reason for the low combat effectiveness of the army, thus implementing concrete measures to establish a standing army and establishing Military schools, the use of Japanese technology and the hiring of Japanese teaching, whose purpose is to train a group of Manchu military officers and establish Manchu-mastered