孤独感是老年期较常见的一种消极情绪,它反映的是寂寞、冷落甚至被遗弃的体验。孤独可分两种类型:一种是由情感依托缺失引起的,称之为情感性孤独,比如与配偶或子女分离带来的孤独;另一种是社会性孤独,经常发生于社会联系缺失时,比如没有朋友或熟人时的孤独。随着年龄的增长,老人会缩减那些不重要的外围社交关系,而保持与亲朋好友的交往,其中最密切的就是配偶和子女。然而,空巢家庭越来越多。北京、上海等大 Loneliness is a more common form of negative emotions in old age, reflecting loneliness, coldness, and even deserted experiences. Loneliness can be divided into two types: one is caused by lack of emotional support, which is called affective loneliness, such as loneliness caused by separation from spouse or child; the other is social loneliness, which often occurs in the absence of social connection , Such as loneliness without friends or acquaintances. As they grow older, the elderly will reduce those unimportant peripheral social relationships while maintaining contact with friends and relatives, the spouse and children most closely. However, more and more empty-nest families. Beijing, Shanghai and other big