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考察李伯元的《官场现形记》《中国现在记》《文明小史》,我们可以看出李伯元认为科举制度对应试者的道德衡量没有保障、以“四书五经”为基础的八股文考试空疏无用,否定集权的考官制度,这些否定性的科举观念是对清代小说家科举观的总结。在此基础上,他预感科举即将废除,对科举改革表示赞赏、对改革的弊端提出了批评,还对选官制度进行了积极探索。究其原因,对考官不满的心理动机、拯时济世的热切愿望、科举将废的时代潮流是促使他在小说中否定科举、探索新制的几个重要因素。
We can see that Li Bo-yuan believes that the imperial examination system has no guarantee to the ethics of the candidate, and that “the Book of Five Classics” , Denying the centralized examiner system. These negative conceptions of imperial examination are the summary of the concept of civil servants in Qing Dynasty. On this basis, he predicted that the imperial examination was about to be abolished, appreciated the reform of the imperial examination system, criticized the drawbacks of the reform, and actively explored the system of election officials. The reasons, the psychological motivation to dissatisfaction with the examiner, the fervent desire to save the time and the impending trend of imperial examination will be some important factors that impel him to negate the imperial examination in the novel and to explore the new system.