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Sample data in the Earth and environmental sciences are limited in quantity and sampling location and therefore,sophisticated spatial modeling techniques are indispensable for accurate imaging of complicated structures and properties of geomaterials.This paper presents several effective methods that are grouped into two categories depending on the nature of regionalized data used.Type I data originate from plural populations and type II data satisfy the prerequisite of stationarity and have distinct spatial correlations.For the type I data,three methods are shown to be effective and demonstrated to produce plausible results: (1) a spline-based method,(2) a combination of a spline-based method with a stochastic simulation,and (3) a neural network method.Geostatistics proves to be a powerful tool for type II data.Three new approaches of geostatistics are presented with case studies: an application to directional data such as fracture,multi-scale modeling that incorporates a scaling law,and space-time joint analysis for multivariate data.Methods for improving the contribution of such spatial modeling to Earth and environmental sciences are also discussed and future important problems to be solved are summarized.
Sample data in the Earth and environmental sciences are limited in quantity and sampling location and therefore, sophisticated spatial modeling techniques are indispensable for accurate imaging of complicated structures and properties of geomaterials.This paper presents several effective methods that are grouped into two categories depending on the the nature of regionalized data used.Type I data originate from plural populations and type II data satisfy the prerequisite of stationarity and have distinct spatial correlations.For the type I data, three methods are shown to be effective and demonstrated to produce plausible results: (1 ) a spline-based method, (2) a combination of a spline-based method with a stochastic simulation, and (3) a neural network method. Geostatistics proves to be a for tool for type II data. new approaches of geostatistics are presented with case studies: an application to directional data such as fracture, multi-scale modeling that incorporates a scaling law, a nd space-time joint analysis for multivariate data. Methods for improving the contribution of such spatial modeling to Earth and environmental sciences are also discussed and future important problems to be solved are summarized.